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.dub
docs.json
__dummy.html
docs/
/singlang
singlang.so
singlang.dylib
singlang.dll
singlang.a
singlang.lib
singlang-test-*
*.exe
*.pdb
*.o
*.obj
*.lst
build/
messages.pot
.preload/
run.sh
.vscode/

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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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# Singlang - Lightweight Internationalization (i18n) Library for D
## Description
`singlang` integrates GNU Gettext for translations. The module features a singleton `Singlang` class for configuration and a convenient `_()` function for translating messages.
## Installation
To use `singlang` in your D project, add it as a dependency in your `dub.json` or `dub.sdl` file:
### dub.json
```json
{
"dependencies": {
"singlang": "~>0.1.0"
}
}
```
## Usage
### Initializing the Translation System
Before translating messages, you must initialize the `Singlang` class with a domain name and a directory containing translation files (`.mo`):
```d
import singlang;
void main() {
if (Singlang.set("myapp", "/usr/local/share/locale")) {
writeln("Translation system ready!");
} else {
writeln("Setup failed, check stderr for details!");
}
}
```
- `domain`: The name of your application or translation domain.
- `localeDir`: The path to the directory containing your `.mo` translation files.
### Translating Messages
Use the `_()` function to translate messages:
```d
writeln(_("Hello, world!")); // Outputs the translated version of "Hello, world!" if available
writeln(_("Error: File not found")); // Outputs translated text or original if unavailable
```
If the system is not initialized or a translation is unavailable, the original message is returned.
## Localization and Build Mechanisms
This project includes mechanisms to customize localization environments and automate translation workflows, located in the `preload` and `scripts` directories. Below is a detailed overview of their structure, purpose, and how to leverage them effectively in your project.
### `preload` Directory
The `preload` directory provides tools to intercept and customize the `bindtextdomain` function from the GNU Gettext library, allowing you to redirect the path to localization files.
#### Structure
```
preload
├── build.sh
└── override_bindtextdomain.c
```
#### Files
##### `build.sh`
- **Purpose**: Compiles a shared library, `liboverride_bindtextdomain.so`, which intercepts the `bindtextdomain` function to customize localization paths.
- **Usage**:
```bash
./preload/build.sh <program_name>
```
Replace `<program_name>` with the name of your program (e.g., `myapp`).
- **How It Works**:
Compiles `override_bindtextdomain.c` into a shared library, `.preload/liboverride_bindtextdomain.so`, defining `PNAME` as a macro.
- **Output**: Generates `.preload/liboverride_bindtextdomain.so`, which can be preloaded with `LD_PRELOAD` to override `bindtextdomain` behavior.
##### `override_bindtextdomain.c`
- **Purpose**: A C source file that intercepts calls to `bindtextdomain` and redirects the localization path to `build/usr/share/locale` for a specified program name (`PNAME`).
- **How It Works**: Checks if the `domainname` matches the predefined `PNAME` (set during compilation). If matched, redirects the localization path to `build/usr/share/locale`.
- **Requirements**: The `PNAME` macro must be defined during compilation (via `build.sh`); if undefined, it exits with an error.
- **Use Case**: Ideal for projects needing to override default localization paths without modifying the core application code.
### `scripts` Directory
The `scripts` directory contains utilities to streamline translation file management, including compiling `.mo` files and generating/updating `.po` files.
#### Structure
```
scripts
├── compile_mo.sh
└── generate_translations.sh
```
#### Files
##### `generate_translations.sh`
- **Purpose**: Automates the creation and updating of `.po` translation files based on D source code in the `source/` directory.
- **Usage**:
```bash
./scripts/generate_translations.sh [language]
```
Replace `[language]` with an optional language code (e.g., `ru` or `en`). If omitted, processes `ru` and `en` by default. For help:
```bash
./scripts/generate_translations.sh --help
```
- **How It Works**:
1. Checks for `.d` files in `source/`.
2. Generates or updates `translations/messages.pot` using `xgettext` to extract translatable strings (marked with `_`).
3. For each language:
- Creates a new `.po` file with `msginit` if it doesn’t exist.
- Updates existing `.po` files with `msgmerge`, preserving prior translations.
4. Deletes the temporary `.pot` file upon completion.
- **Example**:
```bash
./scripts/generate_translations.sh ru
```
Creates or updates `translations/ru.po`.
- **Requirements**: GNU Gettext tools (`xgettext`, `msgmerge`, `msginit`).
- **Output**: Fresh or updated `.po` files in `translations`, ready for translation and compilation into `.mo` files.
##### `compile_mo.sh`
- **Purpose**: Compiles `.po` files from the `translations` directory into `.mo` files and generates a `run.sh` script for launching the program with a chosen language.
- **Usage**:
```bash
./scripts/compile_mo.sh <program_path>
```
Replace <program_path> with the path to your program (e.g., `./build/usr/bin/myapp`).
- **How It Works**:
1. Compiles each `.po` file into an `.mo` file, placing them in `build/usr/share/locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/<program_name>.mo`.
2. Creates an executable `run.sh` script that:
- Accepts a language code (e.g., `ru` or `en`) as an argument.
- Validates the language against available `.po` files.
- Sets `LANG` and `LD_PRELOAD` environment variables to run the program with the selected localization.
- **Example Launch**:
```bash
./run.sh ru
```
Runs the program with Russian localization, preloading `.preload/liboverride_bindtextdomain.so`.
- **Output**: Compiled `.mo` files and a `run.sh` script for easy, localized program execution.
### Applying These Mechanisms in Your Project
The `preload` mechanism allows overriding localization paths without altering the program’s source code.
#### Integration Example with `dub.json`
For seamless automation, integrate these mechanisms into your build process using the `"postBuildCommands"` field in `dub.json`, the configuration file for the DUB build tool.
Add the following to your `dub.json`:
```json
{
"postBuildCommands": [
"bash scripts/compile_mo.sh <program_path>",
"bash preload/build.sh <program_name>"
]
}
```
Replace <program_path> with the path to your program (e.g., `./build/usr/bin/myapp`).
Replace `<program_name>` with your program’s name (e.g., `myapp`).
##### How It Works:
1. **Build the Project**: Run `dub build` in your project’s root directory.
2. **Post-Build Steps**:
- `bash scripts/compile_mo.sh ./build/usr/bin/myapp`:
- Compiles `.po` files into `.mo` files, storing them in `build/usr/share/locale/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES/myapp.mo`.
- Generates a `run.sh` script for launching `myapp` with a specified language.
- `bash preload/build.sh myapp`:
- Compiles `.preload/liboverride_bindtextdomain.so` with `PNAME` set to `myapp`.
3. **Run the Program**:
```bash
./run.sh ru
```
Launches `myapp` with Russian localization, leveraging the preloaded library.

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{
"authors": [
"Alexander Zhirov"
],
"copyright": "Copyright © 2025, Alexander Zhirov",
"description": "Integrates GNU Gettext for translations",
"license": "GPL-2.0",
"name": "singlang",
"targetType": "dynamicLibrary",
"targetName": "singlang",
"targetPath": "build/usr/lib",
"sourceFiles": ["source/singlang.d"],
"configurations": [
{
"name": "shared",
"targetType": "dynamicLibrary",
"targetName": "singlang",
"targetPath": "build/usr/lib",
"sourceFiles": ["source/singlang.d"]
},
{
"name": "static",
"targetType": "library",
"targetName": "singlang",
"targetPath": "build/usr/lib",
"sourceFiles": ["source/singlang.d"]
},
{
"name": "test",
"targetType": "executable",
"targetName": "test",
"targetPath": "build/usr/bin",
"sourcePaths": ["tests", "source"],
"postBuildCommands": [
"bash scripts/compile_mo.sh ./build/usr/bin/test",
"bash preload/build.sh test"
]
}
]
}

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{
"fileVersion": 1,
"versions": {
}
}

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#!/bin/bash
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
echo "Error: please specify a value for PNAME"
exit 1
fi
mkdir -p .preload
gcc -DPNAME="\"${1}\"" -shared -fPIC -o .preload/liboverride_bindtextdomain.so ./preload/override_bindtextdomain.c -ldl
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Library successfully compiled: liboverride_bindtextdomain.so"
else
echo "Compilation error"
exit 1
fi

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#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
typedef char* (*bindtextdomain_t)(const char* domainname, const char* dirname);
char* bindtextdomain(const char* domainname, const char* dirname) {
static bindtextdomain_t original_bindtextdomain = NULL;
if (!original_bindtextdomain) {
original_bindtextdomain = (bindtextdomain_t)dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "bindtextdomain");
if (!original_bindtextdomain) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: failed to find bindtextdomain\n");
return NULL;
}
}
#ifndef PNAME
fprintf(stderr, "Error: PNAME is not defined. Please define PNAME during compilation.\n");
exit(1);
#else
if (strcmp(domainname, PNAME) == 0) {
return original_bindtextdomain(domainname, "build/usr/share/locale");
}
return original_bindtextdomain(domainname, dirname);
#endif
}

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#!/bin/bash
TRANSLATIONS_DIR="translations"
SYSTEM_LOCALE_DIR="build/usr/share/locale"
# Проверка на наличие аргумента
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Error: Please specify program name as argument"
exit 1
fi
PROGRAM_PATH="$1"
PROGRAM_NAME=`basename $PROGRAM_PATH`
RED='\033[0;31m'
GREEN='\033[0;32m'
YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
NC='\033[0m'
compile_po_to_mo() {
local lang="$1"
local po_file="$TRANSLATIONS_DIR/${lang}.po"
local mo_dir="$SYSTEM_LOCALE_DIR/${lang}/LC_MESSAGES"
local mo_file="$mo_dir/$PROGRAM_NAME.mo"
if [ -f "$po_file" ]; then
echo -e "${GREEN}Compiling $mo_file...${NC}"
mkdir -p "$mo_dir"
msgfmt -o "$mo_file" "$po_file"
else
echo -e "${YELLOW}Warning: $po_file not found, skipping...${NC}"
fi
}
get_available_languages() {
ls -1 "$TRANSLATIONS_DIR"/*.po 2>/dev/null | sed "s|$TRANSLATIONS_DIR/||" | sed 's|\.po||' || echo ""
}
generate_run_script() {
echo -e "${GREEN}Generating run.sh...${NC}"
cat > run.sh << EOF
#!/bin/bash
if [ \$# -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Error: Please specify a language"
exit 1
fi
LANGUAGE=\$1
LANG_DIR="translations"
if [ ! -f "\$LANG_DIR/\$LANGUAGE.po" ]; then
echo "Error: Language '\$LANGUAGE' not supported. Available languages:"
ls -1 \$LANG_DIR/*.po | sed 's|.*/||;s|\.po||'
exit 1
fi
LANG="\${LANGUAGE}_\${LANGUAGE@U}.UTF-8"
LD_PRELOAD=.preload/liboverride_bindtextdomain.so LANG="\$LANG" $PROGRAM_PATH
EOF
chmod +x run.sh
echo -e "${GREEN}run.sh generated successfully${NC}"
}
main() {
if [ ! -d "$TRANSLATIONS_DIR" ]; then
echo -e "${RED}Error: $TRANSLATIONS_DIR directory not found${NC}"
exit 1
fi
echo -e "${GREEN}Starting MO files compilation...${NC}"
local languages=$(get_available_languages)
if [ -z "$languages" ]; then
echo -e "${YELLOW}Warning: No .po files found in $TRANSLATIONS_DIR${NC}"
else
for lang in $languages; do
compile_po_to_mo "$lang"
done
echo -e "${GREEN}MO files compiled successfully!${NC}"
fi
generate_run_script
}
main

140
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#!/bin/bash
TRANSLATIONS_DIR="translations"
POT_FILE="$TRANSLATIONS_DIR/messages.pot"
RED='\033[0;31m'
GREEN='\033[0;32m'
YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
NC='\033[0m'
show_help() {
# Определяем язык системы (берем первые два символа из LANG или LC_ALL)
SYS_LANG="${LC_ALL:-$LANG}"
SYS_LANG="${SYS_LANG:0:2}"
# По умолчанию английский, если язык не ru
if [ "$SYS_LANG" = "ru" ]; then
echo "Справка по скрипту"
echo "-----------------"
echo "Назначение:"
echo " Этот скрипт автоматизирует создание и обновление файлов переводов (.po)"
echo " для исходных файлов с расширением .d в директории source/."
echo ""
echo "Использование:"
echo " ./$(basename "$0") [язык]"
echo " ./$(basename "$0") [-h | --help]"
echo ""
echo "Параметры:"
echo " [язык] - Необязательный код языка (например, ru, en). Если не указан,"
echo " обрабатываются языки ru и en."
echo " -h, --help - Показать эту справку и выйти."
echo ""
echo "Описание работы:"
echo " 1. Проверяет наличие .d-файлов в source/."
echo " 2. Создаёт или обновляет POT-файл (translations/messages.pot) из .d-файлов."
echo " 3. Создаёт или обновляет .po-файлы для указанного языка (или ru и en по умолчанию)."
echo " 4. Удаляет временный POT-файл после завершения."
echo ""
echo "Примеры:"
echo " ./$(basename "$0") # Создать/обновить переводы для ru и en"
echo " ./$(basename "$0") ru # Создать/обновить перевод только для ru"
echo " ./$(basename "$0") -h # Показать эту справку"
echo ""
echo "Требования:"
echo " Установленные утилиты: xgettext, msgmerge, msginit (GNU Gettext)."
else
echo "Script Help"
echo "-----------"
echo "Purpose:"
echo " This script automates the creation and updating of translation files (.po)"
echo " for source files with the .d extension in the source/ directory."
echo ""
echo "Usage:"
echo " ./$(basename "$0") [language]"
echo " ./$(basename "$0") [-h | --help]"
echo ""
echo "Parameters:"
echo " [language] - Optional language code (e.g., ru, en). If not specified,"
echo " processes languages ru and en."
echo " -h, --help - Show this help and exit."
echo ""
echo "How it works:"
echo " 1. Checks for .d files in source/."
echo " 2. Creates or updates the POT file (translations/messages.pot) from .d files."
echo " 3. Creates or updates .po files for the specified language (or ru and en by default)."
echo " 4. Removes the temporary POT file after completion."
echo ""
echo "Examples:"
echo " ./$(basename "$0") # Create/update translations for ru and en"
echo " ./$(basename "$0") ru # Create/update translation only for ru"
echo " ./$(basename "$0") -h # Show this help"
echo ""
echo "Requirements:"
echo " Installed utilities: xgettext, msgmerge, msginit (GNU Gettext)."
fi
exit 0
}
check_source_files() {
if ! find source/ -name "*.d" | grep -q .; then
echo -e "${RED}Error: No .d files found in source/ or its subdirectories${NC}"
exit 1
fi
}
generate_pot_file() {
echo -e "${GREEN}Generating POT file from all .d files in source/ and subdirectories...${NC}"
if [ -f "$POT_FILE" ]; then
local temp_pot="$TRANSLATIONS_DIR/temp.pot"
find source/ -name "*.d" -exec xgettext --keyword=_ --language=C --from-code=UTF-8 -o "$temp_pot" {} +
msgmerge -U "$POT_FILE" "$temp_pot"
rm "$temp_pot"
else
find source/ -name "*.d" -exec xgettext --keyword=_ --language=C --from-code=UTF-8 -o "$POT_FILE" {} +
fi
if [ ! -f "$POT_FILE" ]; then
echo -e "${RED}Error: Failed to generate $POT_FILE${NC}"
exit 1
fi
}
process_language() {
local lang="$1"
local po_file="$TRANSLATIONS_DIR/${lang}.po"
if [ ! -f "$po_file" ]; then
echo -e "${GREEN}Creating $po_file...${NC}"
msginit -l "$lang" -i "$POT_FILE" -o "$po_file" --no-translator
sed -i 's/charset=ASCII/charset=UTF-8/' "$po_file"
else
echo -e "${YELLOW}Updating $po_file with existing translations preserved...${NC}"
msgmerge -U "$po_file" "$POT_FILE"
fi
}
main() {
if [ "$1" = "-h" ] || [ "$1" = "--help" ]; then
show_help
fi
mkdir -p "$TRANSLATIONS_DIR"
check_source_files
generate_pot_file
if [ $# -eq 1 ]; then
process_language "$1"
echo -e "${GREEN}PO file for language '$1' generated successfully!${NC}"
else
for lang in ru en; do
process_language "$lang"
done
echo -e "${GREEN}PO files generated successfully!${NC}"
fi
rm "$POT_FILE"
}
main "$@"

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/++
Module singlang - Lightweight internationalization (i18n) support for D programs.
Description:
This module integrates GNU Gettext for translations in D applications, using a singleton
`Singlang` class and a convenient `_()` function for message translation. Errors are
reported to stderr for proper error handling.
+/
module singlang;
import core.stdc.locale : setlocale, LC_ALL;
import std.string : toStringz;
import std.conv : to;
import std.stdio : writeln, stderr;
extern(C) {
char* bindtextdomain(const char* domainname, const char* dirname);
char* textdomain(const char* domainname);
char* gettext(const char* msgid);
}
/++
Class Singlang - Singleton manager for translation configuration.
Description:
The `Singlang` class encapsulates the setup and management of the GNU Gettext-based
translation system. It ensures that the translation environment is initialized only once
and provides a centralized configuration point for the domain and translation directory.
Usage Example:
---
import singlang;
void main() {
if (Singlang.set("myapp", "/usr/share/locale")) {
writeln("Translation system ready!");
}
}
---
+/
class Singlang {
private:
/++ Translation domain name used by GNU Gettext +/
string domain;
/++ Directory path containing translation files (.mo) +/
string localeDir;
/++ Singleton instance of the Singlang class +/
static Singlang instance;
/++
Private constructor for initializing a Singlang instance.
Params:
domain = The translation domain name
localeDir = Path to the directory with translation files
Note:
Accessible only internally; use `set` to create an instance.
+/
this(string domain, string localeDir) {
this.domain = domain;
this.localeDir = localeDir;
}
public:
/++
Initializes the translation system with a domain and directory.
Description:
Configures the GNU Gettext environment by setting the translation directory and domain.
This method must be called before using the `_()` function for translations. Errors
are reported to stderr.
Params:
domain = Name of the translation domain (e.g., application name)
localeDir = Path to the directory with translation files (.mo)
Returns:
`true` on successful initialization, `false` if an error occurs
Notes:
- Attempting to initialize an already initialized instance will fail with an error message to stderr.
- Errors during directory or domain setup will reset the instance to null and log messages to stderr.
Example:
---
if (Singlang.set("myapp", "/path/to/translations")) {
writeln("Ready to translate!");
} else {
writeln("Setup failed, check stderr for details!");
}
---
+/
static bool set(string domain, string localeDir) {
if (instance !is null) {
stderr.writeln("Error: Singlang is already initialized");
return false;
}
setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
instance = new Singlang(domain, localeDir);
if (bindtextdomain(domain.toStringz, localeDir.toStringz) is null) {
stderr.writeln("Error: Failed to set translations directory");
instance = null;
return false;
}
if (textdomain(domain.toStringz) is null) {
stderr.writeln("Error: Failed to set translations domain");
instance = null;
return false;
}
return true;
}
}
/++
Retrieves the translated version of a given message.
Description:
Translates a message using the configured `Singlang` instance. If the system is not
initialized, it returns the original message and logs an error to stderr.
Params:
msg = The message to translate (UTF-8 encoded)
Returns:
The translated string, or the original message if translation fails or system is uninitialized
Example:
---
writeln(_("Error: File not found")); // Outputs translated text or original if unavailable
---
+/
string _(string msg) {
if (Singlang.instance is null) {
stderr.writeln("Error: Singlang module is not initialized");
return msg;
}
auto result = gettext(msg.toStringz);
return result !is null ? result.to!string : msg;
}

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tests/main.d Normal file
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module main;
import singlang;
import shopping;
import std.stdio : writeln;
void main() {
if (!Singlang.set("test", "/usr/share/locale")) {
writeln("Failed to initialize translations");
return;
}
addItem(_("Milk"));
addItem(_("Bread"));
addItem(_("Eggs"));
printList();
printSummary();
removeItem(1);
writeln(_("After removing an item:"));
printList();
printSummary();
writeln(_("Happy shopping!"));
}

37
tests/shopping.d Normal file
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module shopping;
import singlang : _;
import std.stdio : writeln;
import std.array : empty;
import std.conv : to;
string[] items;
void addItem(string item) {
items ~= item;
}
void removeItem(size_t index) {
if (index < items.length) {
items = items[0 .. index] ~ items[index + 1 .. $];
}
}
void printList() {
if (items.empty) {
writeln(_("Your shopping list is empty"));
return;
}
writeln(_("Shopping List:"));
foreach (i, item; items) {
writeln((i + 1).to!string ~ ". " ~ item);
}
}
size_t itemCount() {
return items.length;
}
void printSummary() {
writeln(_("Total items: ") ~ itemCount().to!string);
}

50
translations/en.po Normal file
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# English translations for PACKAGE package.
# Copyright (C) 2025 THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER
# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
# Automatically generated, 2025.
#
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2025-03-24 01:51+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2025-03-24 01:41+0300\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: none\n"
"Language: en\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
#: tests/shopping.d:22
msgid "Your shopping list is empty"
msgstr "Your shopping list is empty"
#: tests/shopping.d:25
msgid "Shopping List:"
msgstr "Shopping List:"
#: tests/shopping.d:36
msgid "Total items: "
msgstr "Total items: "
#: tests/main.d:13
msgid "Milk"
msgstr "Milk"
#: tests/main.d:14
msgid "Bread"
msgstr "Bread"
#: tests/main.d:15
msgid "Eggs"
msgstr "Eggs"
#: tests/main.d:22
msgid "After removing an item:"
msgstr "After removing an item:"
#: tests/main.d:26
msgid "Happy shopping!"
msgstr "Happy shopping!"

51
translations/ru.po Normal file
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# Russian translations for PACKAGE package.
# Copyright (C) 2025 THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER
# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
# Automatically generated, 2025.
#
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2025-03-24 01:51+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2025-03-24 01:41+0300\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: none\n"
"Language: ru\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && "
"n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
#: tests/shopping.d:22
msgid "Your shopping list is empty"
msgstr "Ваш список покупок пуст"
#: tests/shopping.d:25
msgid "Shopping List:"
msgstr "Список покупок:"
#: tests/shopping.d:36
msgid "Total items: "
msgstr "Всего позиций: "
#: tests/main.d:13
msgid "Milk"
msgstr "Молоко"
#: tests/main.d:14
msgid "Bread"
msgstr "Хлеб"
#: tests/main.d:15
msgid "Eggs"
msgstr "Яйца"
#: tests/main.d:22
msgid "After removing an item:"
msgstr "После удаления позиции:"
#: tests/main.d:26
msgid "Happy shopping!"
msgstr "Удачных покупок!"