phobos/std/experimental/allocator/porcelain.d

/**

High-level interface for allocators. Implements bundled allocation/creation
and destruction/deallocation of data including $(D struct)s and $(D class)es,
and also array primitives related to allocation.

---
// Allocate an int, initialize it with 42
int* p = theAllocator.make!int(42);
assert(*p == 42);
// Destroy and deallocate it
theAllocator.dispose(p);

// Allocate using the global process allocator
p = processAllocator.make!int(100);
assert(*p == 100);
// Destroy and deallocate
processAllocator.dispose(p);

// Create an array of 50 doubles initialized to -1.0
double[] arr = theAllocator.makeArray!double(50, -1.0);
// Append two zeros to it
theAllocator.growArray(arr, 2, 0.0);
// On second thought, take that back
theAllocator.shrinkArray(arr, 2);
// Destroy and deallocate
theAllocator.dispose(arr);
---

*/

module std.experimental.allocator.porcelain;

// Example in intro above
unittest
{
    // Allocate an int, initialize it with 42
    int* p = theAllocator.make!int(42);
    assert(*p == 42);
    // Destroy and deallocate it
    theAllocator.dispose(p);

    // Allocate using the global process allocator
    p = processAllocator.make!int(100);
    assert(*p == 100);
    // Destroy and deallocate
    processAllocator.dispose(p);

    // Create an array of 50 doubles initialized to -1.0
    double[] arr = theAllocator.makeArray!double(50, -1.0);
    // Append two zeros to it
    theAllocator.growArray(arr, 2, 0.0);
    // On second thought, take that back
    theAllocator.shrinkArray(arr, 2);
    // Destroy and deallocate
    theAllocator.dispose(arr);
}

import std.experimental.allocator.common;
import std.traits : isPointer, hasElaborateDestructor;
import std.typecons : Flag, Yes, No;
import std.algorithm : min;
import std.range : isInputRange, isForwardRange, walkLength, save, empty,
    front, popFront;

/**
Dynamic version of an allocator. This should be used wherever a uniform type is
required for encapsulating various allocator implementations.

Methods returning $(D Ternary) return $(D Ternary.yes) upon success,
$(D Ternary.no) upon failure, and $(D Ternary.unknown) if the primitive is not
implemented by the allocator instance.
*/
interface IAllocator
{
    /**
    Returns the alignment offered.
    */
    @property uint alignment();

    /**
    Returns the good allocation size that guarantees zero internal
    fragmentation.
    */
    size_t goodAllocSize(size_t s);

    /**
    Allocates memory.
    */
    void[] allocate(size_t, TypeInfo ti = null);

    /**
    Allocates memory with specified alignment.
    */
    Ternary alignedAllocate(size_t, uint, ref void[], TypeInfo ti = null);

    /**
    Allocates and returns all memory available to this allocator. $(COMMENT By
    default returns $(D null).)
    */
    Ternary allocateAll(ref void[] result);

    /**
    Expands a memory block in place. If expansion not supported
    by the allocator, returns $(D Ternary.unknown). If implemented, returns $(D
    Ternary.yes) if expansion succeeded, $(D Ternary.no) otherwise.
    */
    Ternary expand(ref void[], size_t);

    /// Reallocates a memory block.
    bool reallocate(ref void[], size_t);

    /// Reallocates a memory block with specified alignment.
    Ternary alignedReallocate(ref void[] b, size_t size, uint alignment);

    /**
    Returns $(D Ternary.yes) if the allocator owns $(D b), $(D Ternary.no) if
    the allocator doesn't own $(D b), and $(D Ternary.unknown) if ownership not
    supported by the allocator. $(COMMENT By default returns $(D
    Ternary.unknown).)
    */
    Ternary owns(void[] b);

    /**
    Resolves an internal pointer to the full block allocated.
    */
    Ternary resolveInternalPointer(void* p, ref void[] result);

    /**
    Deallocates a memory block. Returns $(D Ternary.unknown) if deallocation is
    not supported. A simple way to check that an allocator supports
    deallocation is to call $(D deallocate(null)).
    */
    Ternary deallocate(void[] b);

    /**
    Deallocates all memory. Returns $(D Ternary.unknown) if deallocation is
    not supported.
    */
    Ternary deallocateAll();

    /**
    Returns $(D Ternary.yes) if no memory is currently allocated from this
    allocator, $(D Ternary.no) if some allocations are currently active, or
    $(D Ternary.unknown) if not supported.
    */
    Ternary empty();

    /**
    Returns $(D Ternary.yes) if memory is zeroed upon an allocation,
    $(D Ternary.no) if not, or $(D Ternary.unknown) if primitive not supported.
    */
    Ternary zeroesAllocations();
}

__gshared IAllocator _processAllocator;
IAllocator _threadAllocator;

shared static this()
{
    assert(!_processAllocator);
    import std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator : GCAllocator;
    _processAllocator = allocatorObject(GCAllocator.it);
}

static this()
{
    assert(!_threadAllocator);
    _threadAllocator = _processAllocator;
}

/**
Gets/sets the allocator for the current thread. This is the default allocator
that should be used for allocating thread-local memory. For allocating memory
to be shared across threads, use $(D processAllocator) (below). By default,
$(D theAllocator) ultimately fetches memory from $(D processAllocator), which
in turn uses the garbage collected heap.
*/
@property IAllocator theAllocator()
{
    return _threadAllocator;
}

/// Ditto
@property void theAllocator(IAllocator a)
{
    assert(a);
    _threadAllocator = a;
}

///
unittest
{
    // Install a new allocator that is faster for 128-byte allocations.
    import std.experimental.allocator.free_list,
        std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator;
    auto oldAllocator = theAllocator;
    scope(exit) theAllocator = oldAllocator;
    theAllocator = allocatorObject(FreeList!(GCAllocator, 128)());
    // Use the now changed allocator to allocate an array
    ubyte[] arr = theAllocator.makeArray!ubyte(128);
    assert(arr.ptr);
    //...
}

/**
Gets/sets the allocator for the current process. This allocator must be used
for allocating memory shared across threads. Objects created using this
allocator can be cast to $(D shared).
*/
@property IAllocator processAllocator()
{
    return _processAllocator;
}

/// Ditto
@property void processAllocator(IAllocator a)
{
    assert(a);
    _processAllocator = a;
}

unittest
{
    assert(processAllocator);
    assert(processAllocator is theAllocator);
}

/**

Returns a dynamically-typed $(D CAllocator) built around a given statically-
typed allocator $(D a) of type $(D A). Passing a pointer to the allocator
creates a dynamic allocator around the allocator pointed to by the pointer,
without attempting to copy or move it. Passing the allocator by value or
reference behaves as follows.

$(UL
$(LI If $(D A) has no state, the resulting object is allocated in static
shared storage.)
$(LI If $(D A) has state and is copyable, the result will store a copy of it
within. The result itself is allocated in its own statically-typed allocator.)
$(LI If $(D A) has state and is not copyable, the result will move the
passed-in argument into the result. The result itself is allocated in its own
statically-typed allocator.)
)

*/
CAllocatorImpl!A allocatorObject(A)(auto ref A a)
if (!isPointer!A)
{
    import std.conv : emplace;
    static if (stateSize!A == 0)
    {
        enum s = stateSize!(CAllocatorImpl!A).divideRoundUp(ulong.sizeof);
        static __gshared ulong[s] state;
        static __gshared CAllocatorImpl!A result;
        if (!result)
        {
            // Don't care about a few races
            result = emplace!(CAllocatorImpl!A)(state[]);
        }
        assert(result);
        return result;
    }
    else static if (is(typeof({ A b = a; A c = b; }))) // copyable
    {
        auto state = a.allocate(stateSize!(CAllocatorImpl!A));
        import std.traits : hasMember;
        static if (hasMember!(A, "deallocate"))
        {
            scope(failure) a.deallocate(state);
        }
        return cast(CAllocatorImpl!A) emplace!(CAllocatorImpl!A)(state);
    }
    else // the allocator object is not copyable
    {
        // This is sensitive... create on the stack and then move
        enum s = stateSize!(CAllocatorImpl!A).divideRoundUp(ulong.sizeof);
        ulong[s] state;
        import std.algorithm : move;
        emplace!(CAllocatorImpl!A)(state[], move(a));
        auto dynState = a.allocate(stateSize!(CAllocatorImpl!A));
        // Bitblast the object in its final destination
        dynState[] = state[];
        return cast(CAllocatorImpl!A) dynState.ptr;
    }
}

/// Ditto
CAllocatorImpl!(A, Yes.indirect) allocatorObject(A)(A* pa)
{
    assert(pa);
    import std.conv : emplace;
    auto state = pa.allocate(stateSize!(CAllocatorImpl!(A, Yes.indirect)));
    import std.traits : hasMember;
    static if (hasMember!(A, "deallocate"))
    {
        scope(failure) pa.deallocate(state);
    }
    return emplace!(CAllocatorImpl!(A, Yes.indirect))
        (state, pa);
}

///
unittest
{
    import std.experimental.allocator.mallocator;
    IAllocator a = allocatorObject(Mallocator.it);
    auto b = a.allocate(100);
    assert(b.length == 100);
    assert(a.deallocate(b) == Ternary.yes);

    // The in-situ region must be used by pointer
    import std.experimental.allocator.region;
    auto r = InSituRegion!1024();
    a = allocatorObject(&r);
    b = a.allocate(200);
    assert(b.length == 200);
    // In-situ regions can't deallocate
    assert(a.deallocate(b) == Ternary.unknown);
}

/**
Dynamically allocates (using $(D alloc)) and then creates in the memory
allocated an object of type $(D T), using $(D args) (if any) for its
initialization. Initialization occurs in the memory allocated and is otherwise
semantically the same as $(D T(args)).
(Note that using $(D alloc.make!(T[])) creates a pointer to an (empty) array
of $(D T)s, not an array. To use an allocator to allocate and initialize an
array, use $(D alloc.makeArray!T) described below.)

Params:
T = Type of the object being created.
alloc = The allocator used for getting the needed memory. It may be an object
implementing the static interface for allocators, or an $(D IAllocator)
reference.
args = Optional arguments used for initializing the created object. If not
present, the object is default constructed.

Returns: If $(D T) is a class type, returns a reference to the created $(D T)
object. Otherwise, returns a $(D T*) pointing to the created object. In all
cases, returns $(D null) if allocation failed.

Throws: If $(D T)'s constructor throws, deallocates the allocated memory and
propagates the exception.
*/
auto make(T, Allocator, A...)(auto ref Allocator alloc, auto ref A args)
{
    import std.algorithm : max;
    import std.conv : emplace;
    auto m = alloc.allocate(max(stateSize!T, 1));
    if (!m.ptr) return null;
    scope(failure) alloc.deallocate(m);
    static if (is(T == class)) return emplace!T(m, args);
    else return emplace(cast(T*) m.ptr, args);
}

///
unittest
{
    // Dynamically allocate one integer
    int* p1 = theAllocator.make!int;
    // It's implicitly initialized with its .init value
    assert(*p1 == 0);
    // Dynamically allocate one double, initialize to 42.5
    double* p2 = theAllocator.make!double(42.5);
    assert(*p2 == 42.5);

    // Dynamically allocate a struct
    static struct Point
    {
        int x, y, z;
    }
    // Use the generated constructor taking field values in order
    Point* p = theAllocator.make!Point(1, 2);
    assert(p.x == 1 && p.y == 2 && p.z == 0);

    // Dynamically allocate a class object
    static class Customer
    {
        uint id = uint.max;
        this() {}
        this(uint id) { this.id = id; }
        // ...
    }
    Customer cust = theAllocator.make!Customer;
    assert(cust.id == uint.max); // default initialized
    cust = theAllocator.make!Customer(42);
    assert(cust.id == 42);
}

unittest
{
    void test(Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc)
    {
        int* a = alloc.make!int(10);
        assert(*a == 10);

        struct A
        {
            int x;
            string y;
            double z;
        }

        A* b = alloc.make!A(42);
        assert(b.x == 42);
        assert(b.y is null);
        import std.math;
        assert(b.z.isNaN);

        b = alloc.make!A(43, "44", 45);
        assert(b.x == 43);
        assert(b.y == "44");
        assert(b.z == 45);

        static class B
        {
            int x;
            string y;
            double z;
            this(int _x, string _y = null, double _z = double.init)
            {
                x = _x;
                y = _y;
                z = _z;
            }
        }

        B c = alloc.make!B(42);
        assert(c.x == 42);
        assert(c.y is null);
        import std.math;
        assert(c.z.isNaN);

        c = alloc.make!B(43, "44", 45);
        assert(c.x == 43);
        assert(c.y == "44");
        assert(c.z == 45);

        auto parray = alloc.make!(int[]);
        assert((*parray).empty);
    }

    import std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator : GCAllocator;
    test(GCAllocator.it);
    test(theAllocator);
}

private void fillWithMemcpy(T)(void[] array, auto ref T filler) nothrow
{
    import core.stdc.string : memcpy;
    if (!array.length) return;
    memcpy(array.ptr, &filler, T.sizeof);
    // Fill the array from the initialized portion of itself exponentially.
    for (size_t offset = T.sizeof; offset < array.length; )
    {
        size_t extent = min(offset, array.length - offset);
        memcpy(array.ptr + offset, array.ptr, extent);
        offset += extent;
    }
}

unittest
{
    int[] a;
    fillWithMemcpy(a, 42);
    assert(a.length == 0);
    a = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
    fillWithMemcpy(a, 42);
    assert(a == [ 42, 42, 42, 42, 42]);
}

private T[] uninitializedFillDefault(T)(T[] array) nothrow
{
    static immutable __gshared T t;
    fillWithMemcpy(array, t);
    return array;
}

unittest
{
    int[] a = [1, 2, 4];
    uninitializedFillDefault(a);
    assert(a == [0, 0, 0]);
}

/**
Create an array of $(D T) with $(D length) elements using $(D alloc). The array is either default-initialized, filled with copies of $(D init), or initialized with values fetched from $(R range).

Params:
T = element type of the array being created
alloc = the allocator used for getting memory
length = length of the newly created array
init = element used for filling the array
range = range used for initializing the array elements

Returns:
The newly-created array, or $(D null) if either $(D length) was $(D 0) or
allocation failed.

Throws:
The first two overloads throw only if $(T alloc)'s primitives do. The
overloads that involve copy initialization deallocate memory and propagate the
exception if the copy operation throws.
*/
T[] makeArray(T, Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc, size_t length)
{
    if (!length) return null;
    auto m = alloc.allocate(T.sizeof * length);
    if (!m.ptr) return null;
    return uninitializedFillDefault(cast(T[]) m);
}

unittest
{
    void test(A)(auto ref A alloc)
    {
        int[] a = alloc.makeArray!int(0);
        assert(a.length == 0 && a.ptr is null);
        a = alloc.makeArray!int(5);
        assert(a.length == 5);
        assert(a == [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
    }
    import std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator : GCAllocator;
    test(GCAllocator.it);
    test(theAllocator);
}

/// Ditto
T[] makeArray(T, Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc, size_t length,
    auto ref T init)
{
    if (!length) return null;
    auto m = alloc.allocate(T.sizeof * length);
    if (!m.ptr) return null;
    auto result = cast(T[]) m;
    import std.traits : hasElaborateCopyConstructor;
    static if (hasElaborateCopyConstructor!T)
    {
        scope(failure) alloc.deallocate(m);
        size_t i = 0;
        static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
        {
            scope (failure)
            {
                foreach (j; 0 .. i)
                {
                    destroy(result[j]);
                }
            }
        }
        for (; i < length; ++i)
        {
            emplace!T(result.ptr + i, init);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        fillWithMemcpy(result, init);
    }
    return result;
}

///
unittest
{
    int[] a = theAllocator.makeArray!int(2);
    assert(a == [0, 0]);
    a = theAllocator.makeArray!int(3, 42);
    assert(a == [42, 42, 42]);
    import std.range : only;
    a = theAllocator.makeArray!int(only(42, 43, 44));
    assert(a == [42, 43, 44]);
}

unittest
{
    void test(A)(auto ref A alloc)
    {
        long[] a = alloc.makeArray!long(0, 42);
        assert(a.length == 0 && a.ptr is null);
        a = alloc.makeArray!long(5, 42);
        assert(a.length == 5);
        assert(a == [ 42, 42, 42, 42, 42 ]);
    }
    import std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator : GCAllocator;
    test(GCAllocator.it);
    test(theAllocator);
}

/// Ditto
T[] makeArray(T, Allocator, R)(auto ref Allocator alloc, R range)
if (isInputRange!R)
{
    static if (isForwardRange!R)
    {
        size_t length = walkLength(range.save);
        if (!length) return null;
        auto m = alloc.allocate(T.sizeof * length);
        if (!m.ptr) return null;
        auto result = cast(T[]) m;

        size_t i = 0;
        scope (failure)
        {
            foreach (j; 0 .. i)
            {
                destroy(result[j]);
            }
            alloc.deallocate(m);
        }

        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront, ++i)
        {
            import std.conv : emplace;
            emplace!T(result.ptr + i, range.front);
        }

        return result;
    }
    else
    {
        // Estimated size
        size_t estimated = 8;
        auto m = alloc.allocate(T.sizeof * estimated);
        if (!m.ptr) return null;
        auto result = cast(T[]) m;

        size_t initialized = 0;
        void bailout()
        {
            foreach (i; 0 .. initialized)
            {
                destroy(result[i]);
            }
            alloc.deallocate(m);
        }
        scope (failure) bailout;

        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront, ++initialized)
        {
            if (initialized == estimated)
            {
                // Need to reallocate
                if (!alloc.reallocate(m, T.sizeof * (estimated *= 2)))
                {
                    bailout;
                    return null;
                }
                result = cast(T[]) m;
            }
            import std.conv : emplace;
            emplace!T(result.ptr + initialized, range.front);
        }

        // Try to shrink memory, no harm if not possible
        if (initialized < estimated
            && alloc.reallocate(m, T.sizeof * initialized))
        {
            result = cast(T[]) m;
        }

        return result[0 .. initialized];
    }
}

unittest
{
    void test(A)(auto ref A alloc)
    {
        long[] a = alloc.makeArray!long((int[]).init);
        assert(a.length == 0 && a.ptr is null);
        a = alloc.makeArray!long([5, 42]);
        assert(a.length == 2);
        assert(a == [ 5, 42]);
    }
    import std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator : GCAllocator;
    test(GCAllocator.it);
    test(theAllocator);
}

version(unittest)
{
    private struct ForcedInputRange
    {
        int[]* array;
        bool empty() { return !array || (*array).empty; }
        ref int front() { return (*array)[0]; }
        void popFront() { *array = (*array)[1 .. $]; }
    }
}

unittest
{
    import std.array, std.range;
    int[] arr = iota(10).array;

    void test(A)(auto ref A alloc)
    {
        ForcedInputRange r;
        long[] a = alloc.makeArray!long(r);
        assert(a.length == 0 && a.ptr is null);
        auto arr2 = arr;
        r.array = &arr2;
        a = alloc.makeArray!long(r);
        assert(a.length == 10);
        assert(a == iota(10).array);
    }
    import std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator : GCAllocator;
    test(GCAllocator.it);
    test(theAllocator);
}

/**
Grows $(D array) by appending $(D delta) more elements. The needed memory is
allocated using $(D alloc). The extra elements added are either default-initialized, filled with copies of $(D init), or initialized with values fetched from $(R range).

Params:
T = element type of the array being created
alloc = the allocator used for getting memory
array = a reference to the array being grown
delta = number of elements to add (upon success the new length of $(D array) is $(D array.length + delta))
init = element used for filling the array
range = range used for initializing the array elements

Returns:
$(D true) upon success, $(D false) if memory could not be allocated. In the latter case $(D array) is left unaffected.

Throws:
The first two overloads throw only if $(T alloc)'s primitives do. The
overloads that involve copy initialization deallocate memory and propagate the
exception if the copy operation throws.
*/
bool growArray(T, Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc, ref T[] array,
        size_t delta)
{
    if (!delta) return true;
    immutable oldLength = array.length;
    void[] buf = array;
    if (!alloc.reallocate(buf, buf.length + T.sizeof * delta)) return false;
    array = cast(T[]) buf;
    array[oldLength .. $].uninitializedFillDefault;
    return true;
}

unittest
{
    void test(A)(auto ref A alloc)
    {
        auto arr = alloc.makeArray!int([1, 2, 3]);
        assert(alloc.growArray(arr, 3));
        assert(arr == [1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0]);
    }
    import std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator : GCAllocator;
    test(GCAllocator.it);
    test(theAllocator);
}

/// Ditto
auto growArray(T, Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc, T[] array,
    size_t delta, auto ref T init)
{
    if (!delta) return true;
    void[] buf = array;
    if (!alloc.reallocate(buf, buf.length + T.sizeof * delta)) return false;
    immutable oldLength = array.length;
    array = cast(T[]) buf;
    scope(failure) array[oldLength .. $].uninitializedFillDefault;
    import std.algorithm : uninitializedFill;
    array[oldLength .. $].uninitializedFill(init);
    return true;
}

/// Ditto
auto growArray(T, Allocator, R)(auto ref Allocator alloc, ref T[] array,
        R range)
if (isInputRange!R)
{
    static if (isForwardRange!R)
    {
        immutable delta = walkLength(range.save);
        if (!delta) return true;
        immutable oldLength = array.length;

        // Reallocate support memory
        void[] buf = array;
        if (!alloc.reallocate(buf, buf.length + T.sizeof * delta))
        {
            return false;
        }
        array = cast(T[]) buf;
        // At this point we're committed to the new length.

        auto toFill = array[oldLength .. $];
        scope (failure)
        {
            // Fill the remainder with default-constructed data
            toFill.uninitializedFillDefault;
        }

        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront, toFill.popFront)
        {
            assert(!toFill.empty);
            import std.conv : emplace;
            emplace!T(&toFill.front, range.front);
        }
        assert(toFill.empty);
    }
    else
    {
        scope(failure)
        {
            // The last element didn't make it, fill with default
            array[$ - 1 .. $].uninitializedFillDefault;
        }
        void[] buf = array;
        for (; !range.empty; range.popFront)
        {
            if (!alloc.reallocate(buf, buf.length + T.sizeof))
            {
                array = cast(T[]) buf;
                return false;
            }
            import std.conv : emplace;
            emplace!T(buf[$ - T.sizeof .. $], range.front);
        }

        array = cast(T[]) buf;
    }
    return true;
}

///
unittest
{
    auto arr = theAllocator.makeArray!int([1, 2, 3]);
    assert(theAllocator.growArray(arr, 2));
    assert(arr == [1, 2, 3, 0, 0]);
    import std.range : only;
    assert(theAllocator.growArray(arr, only(4, 5)));
    assert(arr == [1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 4, 5]);

    ForcedInputRange r;
    int[] b = [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ];
    auto temp = b;
    r.array = &temp;
    assert(theAllocator.growArray(arr, r));
    assert(arr == [1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
}

/**
Shrinks an array by $(D delta) elements.

If $(D array.length < delta), does nothing and returns false. Otherwise,
destroys the last $(D array.length - delta) elements in the array and then
reallocates the array's buffer. If reallocation fails, fills the array with
default-initialized data.

Params:
T = element type of the array being created
alloc = the allocator used for getting memory
array = a reference to the array being shrunk
delta = number of elements to remove (upon success the new length of $(D array) is $(D array.length - delta))

Returns:
$(D true) upon success, $(D false) if memory could not be reallocated. In the latter case $(D array) is left with all elements default-initialized.

Throws:
The first two overloads throw only if $(T alloc)'s primitives do. The
overloads that involve copy initialization deallocate memory and propagate the
exception if the copy operation throws.
*/
bool shrinkArray(T, Allocator)(auto ref Allocator alloc,
        ref T[] array, size_t delta)
{
    if (delta > array.length) return false;

    // Destroy elements. If a destructor throws, fill the already destroyed
    // stuff with the default initializer.
    {
        size_t destroyed;
        scope(failure)
        {
            array[$ - delta .. $][0 .. destroyed].uninitializedFillDefault;
        }
        foreach (ref e; array[$ - delta .. $])
        {
            e.destroy;
            ++destroyed;
        }
    }

    if (delta == array.length)
    {
        alloc.deallocate(array);
        array = null;
        return true;
    }

    void[] buf = array;
    if (!alloc.reallocate(buf, buf.length - T.sizeof * delta))
    {
        // urgh, at least fill back with default
        array[$ - delta .. $].uninitializedFillDefault;
        return false;
    }
    array = cast(T[]) buf;
    return true;
}

///
unittest
{
    int[] a = theAllocator.makeArray!int(100, 42);
    assert(a.length == 100);
    assert(theAllocator.shrinkArray(a, 98));
    assert(a.length == 2);
    assert(a == [42, 42]);
}

unittest
{
    void test(A)(auto ref A alloc)
    {
        long[] a = alloc.makeArray!long((int[]).init);
        assert(a.length == 0 && a.ptr is null);
        a = alloc.makeArray!long(100, 42);
        assert(alloc.shrinkArray(a, 98));
        assert(a.length == 2);
        assert(a == [ 42, 42]);
    }
    import std.experimental.allocator.gc_allocator : GCAllocator;
    test(GCAllocator.it);
    test(theAllocator);
}

/**

Destroys and then deallocates (using $(D alloc)) the object pointed to by a
pointer, the class object referred to by a $(D class) or $(D interface)
reference, or an entire array. It is assumed the respective entities had been
allocated with the same allocator.

*/
void dispose(A, T)(auto ref A alloc, T* p)
{
    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!T)
    {
        destroy(*p);
    }
    alloc.deallocate(p[0 .. T.sizeof]);
}

/// Ditto
void dispose(A, T)(auto ref A alloc, T p)
if (is(T == class) || is(T == interface))
{
    if (!p) return;
    auto support = (cast(void*) p)[0 .. typeid(p).init.length];
    destroy(p);
    alloc.deallocate(support);
}

/// Ditto
void dispose(A, T)(auto ref A alloc, T[] array)
{
    static if (hasElaborateDestructor!(typeof(array[0])))
    {
        foreach (ref e; array)
        {
            destroy(e);
        }
    }
    alloc.deallocate(array);
}

unittest
{
    static int x;
    static interface I
    {
        void method();
    }
    static class A : I
    {
        int y;
        override void method() { x = 21; }
        ~this() { x = 42; }
    }
    static class B : A
    {
    }
    auto a = theAllocator.make!A;
    a.method();
    assert(x == 21);
    theAllocator.dispose(a);
    assert(x == 42);

    B b = theAllocator.make!B;
    b.method();
    assert(x == 21);
    theAllocator.dispose(b);
    assert(x == 42);

    I i = theAllocator.make!B;
    i.method();
    assert(x == 21);
    theAllocator.dispose(i);
    assert(x == 42);

    int[] arr = theAllocator.makeArray!int(43);
    theAllocator.dispose(arr);
}

/**

Implementation of $(D IAllocator) using $(D Allocator). This adapts a
statically-built allocator type to $(D IAllocator) that is directly usable by
non-templated code.

Usually $(D CAllocatorImpl) is used indirectly by calling
$(LREF theAllocator).
*/
class CAllocatorImpl(Allocator, Flag!"indirect" indirect = No.indirect)
    : IAllocator
{
    import std.traits : hasMember;

    /**
    The implementation is available as a public member.
    */
    static if (indirect)
    {
        private Allocator* pimpl;
        ref Allocator impl()
        {
            return *pimpl;
        }
        this(Allocator* pa)
        {
            pimpl = pa;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        static if (stateSize!Allocator) Allocator impl;
        else alias impl = Allocator.it;
    }

    /// Returns $(D impl.alignment).
    override @property uint alignment()
    {
        return impl.alignment;
    }

    /**
    Returns $(D impl.goodAllocSize(s)).
    */
    override size_t goodAllocSize(size_t s)
    {
        return impl.goodAllocSize(s);
    }

    /**
    Returns $(D impl.allocate(s)).
    */
    override void[] allocate(size_t s, TypeInfo ti = null)
    {
        return impl.allocate(s);
    }

    /**
    If $(D impl.alignedAllocate) exists, calls it, puts the result in $(D r),
    and returns $(D Ternary.yes) or $(D Ternary.no) indicating whether
    allocation succeded.

    If $(D impl.alignedAllocate) is not defined, returns $(D Ternary.unknown).
    */
    override Ternary alignedAllocate(size_t s, uint a, ref void[] r,
        TypeInfo ti = null)
    {
        static if (!hasMember!(Allocator, "alignedAllocate"))
        {
            return Ternary.unknown;
        }
        else
        {
            r = impl.alignedAllocate(s, a);
            return Ternary(r.ptr !is null);
        }
    }

    /**
    Overridden only if $(D Allocator) implements $(D owns). In that case,
    returns $(D impl.owns(b)).
    */
    override Ternary owns(void[] b)
    {
        static if (hasMember!(Allocator, "owns")) return Ternary(impl.owns(b));
        else return Ternary.unknown;
    }

    /// Returns $(D impl.expand(b, s)) if defined, $(D false) otherwise.
    override Ternary expand(ref void[] b, size_t s)
    {
        static if (hasMember!(Allocator, "expand"))
            return Ternary(impl.expand(b, s));
        else
            return Ternary.unknown;
    }

    /// Returns $(D impl.reallocate(b, s)).
    override bool reallocate(ref void[] b, size_t s)
    {
        return impl.reallocate(b, s);
    }

    /// Forwards to $(D impl.alignedReallocate).
    Ternary alignedReallocate(ref void[] b, size_t s, uint a)
    {
        static if (!hasMember!(Allocator, "alignedAllocate"))
        {
            return Ternary.unknown;
        }
        else
        {
            return Ternary(impl.alignedReallocate(b, s, a));
        }
    }

    Ternary resolveInternalPointer(void* p, ref void[] result)
    {
        static if (hasMember!(Allocator, "resolveInternalPointer"))
        {
            result = impl.resolveInternalPointer(p);
            return Ternary(result.ptr !is null);
        }
        else
        {
            return Ternary.unknown;
        }
    }

    /**
    If $(D impl.deallocate) is not defined, returns $(D Ternary.unknown). If
    $(D impl.deallocate) returns $(D void) (the common case), calls it and
    returns $(D Ternary.yes). If $(D impl.deallocate) returns $(D bool), calls
    it and returns $(D Ternary.yes) for $(D true), $(D Ternary.no) for $(D
    false).
    */
    override Ternary deallocate(void[] b)
    {
        static if (hasMember!(Allocator, "deallocate"))
        {
            static if (is(typeof(impl.deallocate(b)) == bool))
            {
                return Ternary(impl.deallocate(b));
            }
            else
            {
                impl.deallocate(b);
                return Ternary.yes;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            return Ternary.unknown;
        }
    }

    /**
    Calls $(D impl.deallocateAll()) and returns $(D Ternary.yes) if defined,
    otherwise returns $(D Ternary.unknown).
    */
    override Ternary deallocateAll()
    {
        static if (hasMember!(Allocator, "deallocateAll"))
        {
            impl.deallocateAll();
            return Ternary.yes;
        }
        else
        {
            return Ternary.unknown;
        }
    }

    /**
    Forwards to $(D impl.empty()) if defined, otherwise returns
    $(D Ternary.unknown).
    */
    override Ternary empty()
    {
        static if (hasMember!(Allocator, "empty"))
        {
            return Ternary(impl.empty);
        }
        else
        {
            return Ternary.unknown;
        }
    }

    /**
    Returns $(D impl.allocateAll()) if present, $(D null) otherwise.
    */
    override Ternary allocateAll(ref void[] result)
    {
        static if (hasMember!(Allocator, "allocateAll"))
        {
            result = impl.allocateAll();
            return Ternary(result.ptr !is null);
        }
        else
        {
            return Ternary.unknown;
        }
    }

    /**
    Forwards to $(D impl.zeroesAllocations) if defined, otherwise returns
    $(D Ternary.unknown).
    */
    override Ternary zeroesAllocations()
    {
        static if (hasMember!(Allocator, "zeroesAllocations"))
        {
            return Ternary(impl.zeroesAllocations);
        }
        else
        {
            return Ternary.unknown;
        }
    }
}