ldc/dmd2/expression.c

// Compiler implementation of the D programming language
// Copyright (c) 1999-2009 by Digital Mars
// All Rights Reserved
// written by Walter Bright
// http://www.digitalmars.com
// License for redistribution is by either the Artistic License
// in artistic.txt, or the GNU General Public License in gnu.txt.
// See the included readme.txt for details.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <assert.h>
#if _MSC_VER
#include <complex>
#else
#if IN_DMD
#include <complex.h>
#endif
#endif

#if _WIN32 && __DMC__
extern "C" char * __cdecl __locale_decpoint;
#endif

#if __MINGW32__
#ifndef isnan
#define isnan _isnan
#endif
#endif

#ifdef __APPLE__
#ifndef isnan
int isnan(double);
#endif
#endif

#include "rmem.h"
#if IN_DMD
#include "port.h"
#endif
#include "mtype.h"
#include "init.h"
#include "expression.h"
#include "template.h"
#include "utf.h"
#include "enum.h"
#include "scope.h"
#include "statement.h"
#include "declaration.h"
#include "aggregate.h"
#include "import.h"
#include "id.h"
#include "dsymbol.h"
#include "module.h"
#include "attrib.h"
#include "hdrgen.h"
#include "parse.h"

#if IN_DMD
Expression *createTypeInfoArray(Scope *sc, Expression *args[], int dim);
#endif
Expression *expandVar(int result, VarDeclaration *v);

#define LOGSEMANTIC	0

/**********************************
 * Set operator precedence for each operator.
 */

// Operator precedence - greater values are higher precedence

enum PREC
{
    PREC_zero,
    PREC_expr,
    PREC_assign,
    PREC_cond,
    PREC_oror,
    PREC_andand,
    PREC_or,
    PREC_xor,
    PREC_and,
    PREC_equal,
    PREC_rel,
    PREC_shift,
    PREC_add,
    PREC_mul,
    PREC_unary,
    PREC_primary,
};

enum PREC precedence[TOKMAX];

void initPrecedence()
{
    precedence[TOKdotvar] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKimport] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKidentifier] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKthis] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKsuper] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKint64] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKfloat64] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKnull] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKstring] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKarrayliteral] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKtypeid] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKis] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKassert] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKfunction] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKvar] = PREC_primary;
#if DMDV2
    precedence[TOKdefault] = PREC_primary;
#endif

    // post
    precedence[TOKdotti] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKdot] = PREC_primary;
//  precedence[TOKarrow] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKplusplus] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKminusminus] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKcall] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKslice] = PREC_primary;
    precedence[TOKarray] = PREC_primary;

    precedence[TOKaddress] = PREC_unary;
    precedence[TOKstar] = PREC_unary;
    precedence[TOKneg] = PREC_unary;
    precedence[TOKuadd] = PREC_unary;
    precedence[TOKnot] = PREC_unary;
    precedence[TOKtobool] = PREC_add;
    precedence[TOKtilde] = PREC_unary;
    precedence[TOKdelete] = PREC_unary;
    precedence[TOKnew] = PREC_unary;
    precedence[TOKcast] = PREC_unary;

    precedence[TOKmul] = PREC_mul;
    precedence[TOKdiv] = PREC_mul;
    precedence[TOKmod] = PREC_mul;

    precedence[TOKadd] = PREC_add;
    precedence[TOKmin] = PREC_add;
    precedence[TOKcat] = PREC_add;

    precedence[TOKshl] = PREC_shift;
    precedence[TOKshr] = PREC_shift;
    precedence[TOKushr] = PREC_shift;

    precedence[TOKlt] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKle] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKgt] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKge] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKunord] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKlg] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKleg] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKule] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKul] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKuge] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKug] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKue] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKin] = PREC_rel;

#if 0
    precedence[TOKequal] = PREC_equal;
    precedence[TOKnotequal] = PREC_equal;
    precedence[TOKidentity] = PREC_equal;
    precedence[TOKnotidentity] = PREC_equal;
#else
    /* Note that we changed precedence, so that < and != have the same
     * precedence. This change is in the parser, too.
     */
    precedence[TOKequal] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKnotequal] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKidentity] = PREC_rel;
    precedence[TOKnotidentity] = PREC_rel;
#endif

    precedence[TOKand] = PREC_and;

    precedence[TOKxor] = PREC_xor;

    precedence[TOKor] = PREC_or;

    precedence[TOKandand] = PREC_andand;

    precedence[TOKoror] = PREC_oror;

    precedence[TOKquestion] = PREC_cond;

    precedence[TOKassign] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKconstruct] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKblit] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKaddass] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKminass] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKcatass] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKmulass] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKdivass] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKmodass] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKshlass] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKshrass] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKushrass] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKandass] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKorass] = PREC_assign;
    precedence[TOKxorass] = PREC_assign;

    precedence[TOKcomma] = PREC_expr;
}

/*************************************************************
 * Given var, we need to get the
 * right 'this' pointer if var is in an outer class, but our
 * existing 'this' pointer is in an inner class.
 * Input:
 *	e1	existing 'this'
 *	ad	struct or class we need the correct 'this' for
 *	var	the specific member of ad we're accessing
 */

Expression *getRightThis(Loc loc, Scope *sc, AggregateDeclaration *ad,
	Expression *e1, Declaration *var)
{
    //printf("\ngetRightThis(e1 = %s, ad = %s, var = %s)\n", e1->toChars(), ad->toChars(), var->toChars());
 L1:
    Type *t = e1->type->toBasetype();
    //printf("e1->type = %s, var->type = %s\n", e1->type->toChars(), var->type->toChars());

    /* If e1 is not the 'this' pointer for ad
     */
    if (ad &&
	!(t->ty == Tpointer && t->nextOf()->ty == Tstruct &&
	  ((TypeStruct *)t->nextOf())->sym == ad)
	&&
	!(t->ty == Tstruct &&
	  ((TypeStruct *)t)->sym == ad)
       )
    {
	ClassDeclaration *cd = ad->isClassDeclaration();
	ClassDeclaration *tcd = t->isClassHandle();

	/* e1 is the right this if ad is a base class of e1
	 */
	if (!cd || !tcd ||
	    !(tcd == cd || cd->isBaseOf(tcd, NULL))
	   )
	{
	    /* Only classes can be inner classes with an 'outer'
	     * member pointing to the enclosing class instance
	     */
	    if (tcd && tcd->isNested())
	    {   /* e1 is the 'this' pointer for an inner class: tcd.
		 * Rewrite it as the 'this' pointer for the outer class.
		 */

		e1 = new DotVarExp(loc, e1, tcd->vthis);
		e1->type = tcd->vthis->type;
		// Do not call checkNestedRef()
		//e1 = e1->semantic(sc);

		// Skip up over nested functions, and get the enclosing
		// class type.
		int n = 0;
		Dsymbol *s;
		for (s = tcd->toParent();
		     s && s->isFuncDeclaration();
		     s = s->toParent())
		{   FuncDeclaration *f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
		    if (f->vthis)
		    {
			//printf("rewriting e1 to %s's this\n", f->toChars());
			n++;

            // LDC seems dmd misses it sometimes here :/
            //f->vthis->nestedrefs = 1;

			e1 = new VarExp(loc, f->vthis);
		    }
		}
		if (s && s->isClassDeclaration())
		{   e1->type = s->isClassDeclaration()->type;
		    if (n > 1)
			e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
		}
		else
		    e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
		goto L1;
	    }
	    /* Can't find a path from e1 to ad
	     */
	    e1->error("this for %s needs to be type %s not type %s",
		var->toChars(), ad->toChars(), t->toChars());
	}
    }
    return e1;
}

/*****************************************
 * Determine if 'this' is available.
 * If it is, return the FuncDeclaration that has it.
 */

FuncDeclaration *hasThis(Scope *sc)
{   FuncDeclaration *fd;
    FuncDeclaration *fdthis;

    //printf("hasThis()\n");
    fdthis = sc->parent->isFuncDeclaration();
    //printf("fdthis = %p, '%s'\n", fdthis, fdthis ? fdthis->toChars() : "");

    // Go upwards until we find the enclosing member function
    fd = fdthis;
    while (1)
    {
	if (!fd)
	{
	    goto Lno;
	}
	if (!fd->isNested())
	    break;

	Dsymbol *parent = fd->parent;
	while (parent)
	{
	    TemplateInstance *ti = parent->isTemplateInstance();
	    if (ti)
		parent = ti->parent;
	    else
		break;
	}

	fd = fd->parent->isFuncDeclaration();
    }

    if (!fd->isThis())
    {   //printf("test '%s'\n", fd->toChars());
	goto Lno;
    }

    assert(fd->vthis);
    return fd;

Lno:
    return NULL;		// don't have 'this' available
}


/***************************************
 * Pull out any properties.
 */

Expression *resolveProperties(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    //printf("resolveProperties(%s)\n", e->toChars());
    if (e->type)
    {
	Type *t = e->type->toBasetype();

	if (t->ty == Tfunction || e->op == TOKoverloadset)
	{
	    e = new CallExp(e->loc, e);
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	}

	/* Look for e being a lazy parameter; rewrite as delegate call
	 */
	else if (e->op == TOKvar)
	{   VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)e;

	    if (ve->var->storage_class & STClazy)
	    {
		e = new CallExp(e->loc, e);
		e = e->semantic(sc);
	    }
	}

	else if (e->op == TOKdotexp)
	{
	    e->error("expression has no value");
	}

    }
    return e;
}

/******************************
 * Perform semantic() on an array of Expressions.
 */

void arrayExpressionSemantic(Expressions *exps, Scope *sc)
{
    if (exps)
    {
	for (size_t i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
	{   Expression *e = (Expression *)exps->data[i];

	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    exps->data[i] = (void *)e;
	}
    }
}


/******************************
 * Perform canThrow() on an array of Expressions.
 */

#if DMDV2
int arrayExpressionCanThrow(Expressions *exps)
{
    if (exps)
    {
	for (size_t i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
	{   Expression *e = (Expression *)exps->data[i];
	    if (e && e->canThrow())
		return 1;
	}
    }
    return 0;
}
#endif

/****************************************
 * Expand tuples.
 */

void expandTuples(Expressions *exps)
{
    //printf("expandTuples()\n");
    if (exps)
    {
	for (size_t i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
	{   Expression *arg = (Expression *)exps->data[i];
	    if (!arg)
		continue;

	    // Look for tuple with 0 members
	    if (arg->op == TOKtype)
	    {	TypeExp *e = (TypeExp *)arg;
		if (e->type->toBasetype()->ty == Ttuple)
		{   TypeTuple *tt = (TypeTuple *)e->type->toBasetype();

		    if (!tt->arguments || tt->arguments->dim == 0)
		    {
			exps->remove(i);
			if (i == exps->dim)
			    return;
			i--;
			continue;
		    }
		}
	    }

	    // Inline expand all the tuples
	    while (arg->op == TOKtuple)
	    {	TupleExp *te = (TupleExp *)arg;

		exps->remove(i);		// remove arg
		exps->insert(i, te->exps);	// replace with tuple contents
		if (i == exps->dim)
		    return;		// empty tuple, no more arguments
		arg = (Expression *)exps->data[i];
	    }
	}
    }
}

/****************************************
 * Preprocess arguments to function.
 */

void preFunctionArguments(Loc loc, Scope *sc, Expressions *exps)
{
    if (exps)
    {
	expandTuples(exps);

	for (size_t i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
	{   Expression *arg = (Expression *)exps->data[i];

	    if (!arg->type)
	    {
#ifdef DEBUG
		if (!global.gag)
		    printf("1: \n");
#endif
		arg->error("%s is not an expression", arg->toChars());
		arg = new IntegerExp(arg->loc, 0, Type::tint32);
	    }

	    arg = resolveProperties(sc, arg);
	    exps->data[i] = (void *) arg;

	    //arg->rvalue();
#if 0
	    if (arg->type->ty == Tfunction)
	    {
		arg = new AddrExp(arg->loc, arg);
		arg = arg->semantic(sc);
		exps->data[i] = (void *) arg;
	    }
#endif
	}
    }
}

/*********************************************
 * Call copy constructor for struct value argument.
 */
#if DMDV2
Expression *callCpCtor(Loc loc, Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    Type *tb = e->type->toBasetype();
    assert(tb->ty == Tstruct);
    StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *)tb)->sym;
    if (sd->cpctor)
    {
	/* Create a variable tmp, and replace the argument e with:
	 *	(tmp = e),tmp
	 * and let AssignExp() handle the construction.
	 * This is not the most efficent, ideally tmp would be constructed
	 * directly onto the stack.
	 */
	Identifier *idtmp = Lexer::uniqueId("__tmp");
	VarDeclaration *tmp = new VarDeclaration(loc, tb, idtmp, new ExpInitializer(0, e));
	Expression *ae = new DeclarationExp(loc, tmp);
	e = new CommaExp(loc, ae, new VarExp(loc, tmp));
	e = e->semantic(sc);
    }
    return e;
}
#endif

/****************************************
 * Now that we know the exact type of the function we're calling,
 * the arguments[] need to be adjusted:
 *	1. implicitly convert argument to the corresponding parameter type
 *	2. add default arguments for any missing arguments
 *	3. do default promotions on arguments corresponding to ...
 *	4. add hidden _arguments[] argument
 *	5. call copy constructor for struct value arguments
 */

void functionArguments(Loc loc, Scope *sc, TypeFunction *tf, Expressions *arguments)
{
    unsigned n;

    //printf("functionArguments()\n");
    assert(arguments);
    size_t nargs = arguments ? arguments->dim : 0;
    size_t nparams = Argument::dim(tf->parameters);

    if (nargs > nparams && tf->varargs == 0)
	error(loc, "expected %zu arguments, not %zu for non-variadic function type %s", nparams, nargs, tf->toChars());

    n = (nargs > nparams) ? nargs : nparams;	// n = max(nargs, nparams)

    int done = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
	Expression *arg;

	if (i < nargs)
	    arg = (Expression *)arguments->data[i];
	else
	    arg = NULL;
	Type *tb;

	if (i < nparams)
	{
	    Argument *p = Argument::getNth(tf->parameters, i);

	    if (!arg)
	    {
		if (!p->defaultArg)
		{
		    if (tf->varargs == 2 && i + 1 == nparams)
			goto L2;
		    error(loc, "expected %zu function arguments, not %zu", nparams, nargs);
		    break;
		}
		arg = p->defaultArg;
#if DMDV2
		if (arg->op == TOKdefault)
		{   DefaultInitExp *de = (DefaultInitExp *)arg;
		    arg = de->resolve(loc, sc);
		}
		else
#endif
		    arg = arg->copy();
		arguments->push(arg);
		nargs++;
	    }

	    if (tf->varargs == 2 && i + 1 == nparams)
	    {
		//printf("\t\tvarargs == 2, p->type = '%s'\n", p->type->toChars());
		if (arg->implicitConvTo(p->type))
		{
		    if (nargs != nparams)
		        error(loc, "expected %zu function arguments, not %zu", nparams, nargs);
		    goto L1;
		}
	     L2:
		Type *tb = p->type->toBasetype();
		Type *tret = p->isLazyArray();
		switch (tb->ty)
		{
		    case Tsarray:
		    case Tarray:
		    {	// Create a static array variable v of type arg->type
#ifdef IN_GCC
			/* GCC 4.0 does not like zero length arrays used like
			   this; pass a null array value instead. Could also
			   just make a one-element array. */
			if (nargs - i == 0)
			{
			    arg = new NullExp(loc);
			    break;
			}
#endif
			Identifier *id = Lexer::uniqueId("__arrayArg");
			Type *t = new TypeSArray(((TypeArray *)tb)->next, new IntegerExp(nargs - i));
			t = t->semantic(loc, sc);
			VarDeclaration *v = new VarDeclaration(loc, t, id, new VoidInitializer(loc));
			v->semantic(sc);
			v->parent = sc->parent;
			//sc->insert(v);

			Expression *c = new DeclarationExp(0, v);
			c->type = v->type;

			for (size_t u = i; u < nargs; u++)
			{   Expression *a = (Expression *)arguments->data[u];
			    if (tret && !((TypeArray *)tb)->next->equals(a->type))
				a = a->toDelegate(sc, tret);

			    Expression *e = new VarExp(loc, v);
			    e = new IndexExp(loc, e, new IntegerExp(u + 1 - nparams));
			    AssignExp *ae = new AssignExp(loc, e, a);
#if DMDV2
			    ae->op = TOKconstruct;
#endif
			    if (c)
				c = new CommaExp(loc, c, ae);
			    else
				c = ae;
			}
			arg = new VarExp(loc, v);
			if (c)
			    arg = new CommaExp(loc, c, arg);
			break;
		    }
		    case Tclass:
		    {	/* Set arg to be:
			 *	new Tclass(arg0, arg1, ..., argn)
			 */
			Expressions *args = new Expressions();
			args->setDim(nargs - i);
			for (size_t u = i; u < nargs; u++)
			    args->data[u - i] = arguments->data[u];
			arg = new NewExp(loc, NULL, NULL, p->type, args);
			break;
		    }
		    default:
			if (!arg)
			{   error(loc, "not enough arguments");
			    return;
		        }
			break;
		}
		arg = arg->semantic(sc);
		//printf("\targ = '%s'\n", arg->toChars());
		arguments->setDim(i + 1);
		done = 1;
	    }

	L1:
	    if (!(p->storageClass & STClazy && p->type->ty == Tvoid))
	    {
		if (p->type != arg->type)
		{
		    //printf("arg->type = %s, p->type = %s\n", arg->type->toChars(), p->type->toChars());
		    arg = arg->implicitCastTo(sc, p->type);
		    arg = arg->optimize(WANTvalue);
		}
	    }
	    if (p->storageClass & STCref)
	    {
		arg = arg->toLvalue(sc, arg);
	    }
	    else if (p->storageClass & STCout)
	    {
		arg = arg->modifiableLvalue(sc, arg);
	    }

// LDC we don't want this!
#if !IN_LLVM
	    // Convert static arrays to pointers
	    tb = arg->type->toBasetype();
	    if (tb->ty == Tsarray)
	    {
		arg = arg->checkToPointer();
	    }
#endif
#if DMDV2
	    if (tb->ty == Tstruct && !(p->storageClass & (STCref | STCout)))
	    {
		arg = callCpCtor(loc, sc, arg);
	    }
#endif

	    // Convert lazy argument to a delegate
	    if (p->storageClass & STClazy)
	    {
		arg = arg->toDelegate(sc, p->type);
	    }
#if DMDV2
	    /* Look for arguments that cannot 'escape' from the called
	     * function.
	     */
	    if (!tf->parameterEscapes(p))
	    {
		/* Function literals can only appear once, so if this
		 * appearance was scoped, there cannot be any others.
		 */
		if (arg->op == TOKfunction)
		{   FuncExp *fe = (FuncExp *)arg;
		    fe->fd->tookAddressOf = 0;
		}

		/* For passing a delegate to a scoped parameter,
		 * this doesn't count as taking the address of it.
		 * We only worry about 'escaping' references to the function.
		 */
		else if (arg->op == TOKdelegate)
		{   DelegateExp *de = (DelegateExp *)arg;
		    if (de->e1->op == TOKvar)
		    {	VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)de->e1;
			FuncDeclaration *f = ve->var->isFuncDeclaration();
			if (f)
			{   f->tookAddressOf--;
			    //printf("tookAddressOf = %d\n", f->tookAddressOf);
			}
		    }
		}
	    }
#endif
	}
	else
	{

	    // If not D linkage, do promotions
        // LDC: don't do promotions on intrinsics
	    if (tf->linkage != LINKd && tf->linkage != LINKintrinsic)
	    {
		// Promote bytes, words, etc., to ints
		arg = arg->integralPromotions(sc);

		// Promote floats to doubles
		switch (arg->type->ty)
		{
		    case Tfloat32:
			arg = arg->castTo(sc, Type::tfloat64);
			break;

		    case Timaginary32:
			arg = arg->castTo(sc, Type::timaginary64);
			break;
		}
	    }

	    // Convert static arrays to dynamic arrays
	    tb = arg->type->toBasetype();
	    if (tb->ty == Tsarray)
	    {	TypeSArray *ts = (TypeSArray *)tb;
		Type *ta = ts->next->arrayOf();
		if (ts->size(arg->loc) == 0)
		{   arg = new NullExp(arg->loc);
		    arg->type = ta;
		}
		else
		    arg = arg->castTo(sc, ta);
	    }
#if DMDV2
	    if (tb->ty == Tstruct)
	    {
		arg = callCpCtor(loc, sc, arg);
	    }

	    // Give error for overloaded function addresses
	    if (arg->op == TOKsymoff)
	    {	SymOffExp *se = (SymOffExp *)arg;
		if (se->hasOverloads && !se->var->isFuncDeclaration()->isUnique())
		    arg->error("function %s is overloaded", arg->toChars());
	    }
#endif
	    arg->rvalue();
	}
	arg = arg->optimize(WANTvalue);
	arguments->data[i] = (void *) arg;
	if (done)
	    break;
    }

#if !IN_LLVM
    // If D linkage and variadic, add _arguments[] as first argument
    if (tf->linkage == LINKd && tf->varargs == 1)
    {
	Expression *e;

	e = createTypeInfoArray(sc, (Expression **)&arguments->data[nparams],
		arguments->dim - nparams);
	arguments->insert(0, e);
    }
#endif
}

/**************************************************
 * Write expression out to buf, but wrap it
 * in ( ) if its precedence is less than pr.
 */

void expToCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs, Expression *e, enum PREC pr)
{
    //if (precedence[e->op] == 0) e->dump(0);
    if (precedence[e->op] < pr ||
	/* Despite precedence, we don't allow a<b<c expressions.
	 * They must be parenthesized.
	 */
	(pr == PREC_rel && precedence[e->op] == pr))
    {
	buf->writeByte('(');
	e->toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
	buf->writeByte(')');
    }
    else
	e->toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}

/**************************************************
 * Write out argument list to buf.
 */

void argsToCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (arguments)
    {
	for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments->dim; i++)
	{   Expression *arg = (Expression *)arguments->data[i];

	    if (arg)
	    {	if (i)
		    buf->writeByte(',');
		expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, arg, PREC_assign);
	    }
	}
    }
}

/**************************************************
 * Write out argument types to buf.
 */

void argExpTypesToCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, Expressions *arguments, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (arguments)
    {	OutBuffer argbuf;

	for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments->dim; i++)
	{   Expression *arg = (Expression *)arguments->data[i];

	    if (i)
		buf->writeByte(',');
	    argbuf.reset();
	    arg->type->toCBuffer2(&argbuf, hgs, 0);
	    buf->write(&argbuf);
	}
    }
}

/******************************** Expression **************************/

Expression::Expression(Loc loc, enum TOK op, int size)
    : loc(loc)
{
    //printf("Expression::Expression(op = %d) this = %p\n", op, this);
    this->loc = loc;
    this->op = op;
    this->size = size;
    type = NULL;
}

Expression *Expression::syntaxCopy()
{
    //printf("Expression::syntaxCopy()\n");
    //dump(0);
    return copy();
}

/*********************************
 * Does *not* do a deep copy.
 */

Expression *Expression::copy()
{
    Expression *e;
    if (!size)
    {
#ifdef DEBUG
	fprintf(stdmsg, "No expression copy for: %s\n", toChars());
	printf("op = %d\n", op);
	dump(0);
#endif
	assert(0);
    }
    e = (Expression *)mem.malloc(size);
    //printf("Expression::copy(op = %d) e = %p\n", op, e);
    return (Expression *)memcpy(e, this, size);
}

/**************************
 * Semantically analyze Expression.
 * Determine types, fold constants, etc.
 */

Expression *Expression::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("Expression::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
	type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
    else
	type = Type::tvoid;
    return this;
}

/**********************************
 * Try to run semantic routines.
 * If they fail, return NULL.
 */

Expression *Expression::trySemantic(Scope *sc)
{
    unsigned errors = global.errors;
    global.gag++;
    Expression *e = semantic(sc);
    global.gag--;
    if (errors != global.errors)
    {
	global.errors = errors;
	e = NULL;
    }
    return e;
}

void Expression::print()
{
    fprintf(stdmsg, "%s\n", toChars());
    fflush(stdmsg);
}

char *Expression::toChars()
{   OutBuffer *buf;
    HdrGenState hgs;

    memset(&hgs, 0, sizeof(hgs));
    buf = new OutBuffer();
    toCBuffer(buf, &hgs);
    return buf->toChars();
}

void Expression::error(const char *format, ...)
{
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap, format);
    ::verror(loc, format, ap);
    va_end( ap );
}

void Expression::warning(const char *format, ...)
{
    if (global.params.warnings && !global.gag)
    {
	va_list ap;
	va_start(ap, format);
	::vwarning(loc, format, ap);
	va_end( ap );
    }
}

void Expression::rvalue()
{
    if (type && type->toBasetype()->ty == Tvoid)
    {	error("expression %s is void and has no value", toChars());
#if 0
	dump(0);
	halt();
#endif
	type = Type::tint32;
    }
}

Expression *Expression::combine(Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
{
    if (e1)
    {
	if (e2)
	{
	    e1 = new CommaExp(e1->loc, e1, e2);
	    e1->type = e2->type;
	}
    }
    else
	e1 = e2;
    return e1;
}

dinteger_t Expression::toInteger()
{
    //printf("Expression %s\n", Token::toChars(op));
    error("Integer constant expression expected instead of %s", toChars());
    return 0;
}

uinteger_t Expression::toUInteger()
{
    //printf("Expression %s\n", Token::toChars(op));
    return (uinteger_t)toInteger();
}

real_t Expression::toReal()
{
    error("Floating point constant expression expected instead of %s", toChars());
    return 0;
}

real_t Expression::toImaginary()
{
    error("Floating point constant expression expected instead of %s", toChars());
    return 0;
}

complex_t Expression::toComplex()
{
    error("Floating point constant expression expected instead of %s", toChars());
#ifdef IN_GCC
    return complex_t(real_t(0)); // %% nicer
#else
    return 0;
#endif
}

void Expression::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring(Token::toChars(op));
}

void Expression::toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf)
{
    error("expression %s is not a valid template value argument", toChars());
}

/***************************************
 * Return !=0 if expression is an lvalue.
 */
#if DMDV2
int Expression::isLvalue()
{
    return 0;
}
#endif

/*******************************
 * Give error if we're not an lvalue.
 * If we can, convert expression to be an lvalue.
 */

Expression *Expression::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    if (!e)
	e = this;
    else if (!loc.filename)
	loc = e->loc;
    error("%s is not an lvalue", e->toChars());
    return this;
}

Expression *Expression::modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    //printf("Expression::modifiableLvalue() %s, type = %s\n", toChars(), type->toChars());

    // See if this expression is a modifiable lvalue (i.e. not const)
#if DMDV2
    if (type && (!type->isMutable() || !type->isAssignable()))
	error("%s is not mutable", e->toChars());
#endif
    return toLvalue(sc, e);
}

/************************************
 * Detect cases where pointers to the stack can 'escape' the
 * lifetime of the stack frame.
 */

void Expression::checkEscape()
{
}

void Expression::checkScalar()
{
    if (!type->isscalar())
	error("'%s' is not a scalar, it is a %s", toChars(), type->toChars());
}

void Expression::checkNoBool()
{
    if (type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool)
	error("operation not allowed on bool '%s'", toChars());
}

Expression *Expression::checkIntegral()
{
    if (!type->isintegral())
    {	error("'%s' is not of integral type, it is a %s", toChars(), type->toChars());
	return new ErrorExp();
    }
    return this;
}

Expression *Expression::checkArithmetic()
{
    if (!type->isintegral() && !type->isfloating())
    {	error("'%s' is not of arithmetic type, it is a %s", toChars(), type->toChars());
	return new ErrorExp();
    }
    return this;
}

void Expression::checkDeprecated(Scope *sc, Dsymbol *s)
{
    s->checkDeprecated(loc, sc);
}

#if DMDV2
void Expression::checkPurity(Scope *sc, FuncDeclaration *f)
{
#if 1
    if (sc->func)
    {
	FuncDeclaration *outerfunc=sc->func;
	while (outerfunc->toParent2() && outerfunc->toParent2()->isFuncDeclaration())
	{
	    outerfunc = outerfunc->toParent2()->isFuncDeclaration();
	}
	if (outerfunc->isPure()  && !sc->intypeof && (!f->isNested() && !f->isPure()))
	    error("pure function '%s' cannot call impure function '%s'\n",
		sc->func->toChars(), f->toChars());
    }
#else
    if (sc->func && sc->func->isPure() && !sc->intypeof && !f->isPure())
	error("pure function '%s' cannot call impure function '%s'\n",
	    sc->func->toChars(), f->toChars());
#endif
}
#endif

/********************************
 * Check for expressions that have no use.
 * Input:
 *	flag	0 not going to use the result, so issue error message if no
 *		  side effects
 *		1 the result of the expression is used, but still check
 *		  for useless subexpressions
 *		2 do not issue error messages, just return !=0 if expression
 *		  has side effects
 */

int Expression::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    if (flag == 0)
    {	if (op == TOKimport)
	{
	    error("%s has no effect", toChars());
	}
	else
	    error("%s has no effect in expression (%s)",
		Token::toChars(op), toChars());
    }
    return 0;
}

/*****************************
 * Check that expression can be tested for true or false.
 */

Expression *Expression::checkToBoolean()
{
    // Default is 'yes' - do nothing

#ifdef DEBUG
    if (!type)
	dump(0);
#endif

    if (!type->checkBoolean())
    {
	error("expression %s of type %s does not have a boolean value", toChars(), type->toChars());
    }
    return this;
}

/****************************
 */

Expression *Expression::checkToPointer()
{
    Expression *e;
    Type *tb;

    //printf("Expression::checkToPointer()\n");
    e = this;

    // If C static array, convert to pointer
    tb = type->toBasetype();
    if (tb->ty == Tsarray)
    {	TypeSArray *ts = (TypeSArray *)tb;
	if (ts->size(loc) == 0)
	    e = new NullExp(loc);
	else
	    e = new AddrExp(loc, this);
	e->type = ts->next->pointerTo();
    }
    return e;
}

/******************************
 * Take address of expression.
 */

Expression *Expression::addressOf(Scope *sc)
{
    Expression *e;

    //printf("Expression::addressOf()\n");
    e = toLvalue(sc, NULL);
    e = new AddrExp(loc, e);
    e->type = type->pointerTo();
    return e;
}

/******************************
 * If this is a reference, dereference it.
 */

Expression *Expression::deref()
{
    //printf("Expression::deref()\n");
    if (type->ty == Treference)
    {	Expression *e;

	e = new PtrExp(loc, this);
	e->type = ((TypeReference *)type)->next;
	return e;
    }
    return this;
}

/********************************
 * Does this expression statically evaluate to a boolean TRUE or FALSE?
 */

int Expression::isBool(int result)
{
    return FALSE;
}

/********************************
 * Does this expression result in either a 1 or a 0?
 */

int Expression::isBit()
{
    return FALSE;
}

/********************************
 * Can this expression throw an exception?
 * Valid only after semantic() pass.
 */

int Expression::canThrow()
{
#if DMDV2
    return FALSE;
#else
    return TRUE;
#endif
}



Expressions *Expression::arraySyntaxCopy(Expressions *exps)
{   Expressions *a = NULL;

    if (exps)
    {
	a = new Expressions();
	a->setDim(exps->dim);
	for (int i = 0; i < a->dim; i++)
	{   Expression *e = (Expression *)exps->data[i];

	    e = e->syntaxCopy();
	    a->data[i] = e;
	}
    }
    return a;
}

/******************************** IntegerExp **************************/

IntegerExp::IntegerExp(Loc loc, dinteger_t value, Type *type)
	: Expression(loc, TOKint64, sizeof(IntegerExp))
{
    //printf("IntegerExp(value = %lld, type = '%s')\n", value, type ? type->toChars() : "");
    if (type && !type->isscalar())
    {
	//printf("%s, loc = %d\n", toChars(), loc.linnum);
	error("integral constant must be scalar type, not %s", type->toChars());
	type = Type::terror;
    }
    this->type = type;
    this->value = value;
}

IntegerExp::IntegerExp(dinteger_t value)
	: Expression(0, TOKint64, sizeof(IntegerExp))
{
    this->type = Type::tint32;
    this->value = value;
}

int IntegerExp::equals(Object *o)
{   IntegerExp *ne;

    if (this == o ||
	(((Expression *)o)->op == TOKint64 &&
	 ((ne = (IntegerExp *)o), type->toHeadMutable()->equals(ne->type->toHeadMutable())) &&
	 value == ne->value))
	return 1;
    return 0;
}

char *IntegerExp::toChars()
{
#if 1
    return Expression::toChars();
#else
    static char buffer[sizeof(value) * 3 + 1];

    sprintf(buffer, "%jd", value);
    return buffer;
#endif
}

dinteger_t IntegerExp::toInteger()
{   Type *t;

    t = type;
    while (t)
    {
	switch (t->ty)
	{
	    case Tbit:
	    case Tbool:		value = (value != 0);		break;
	    case Tint8:		value = (d_int8)  value;	break;
	    case Tchar:
	    case Tuns8:		value = (d_uns8)  value;	break;
	    case Tint16:	value = (d_int16) value;	break;
	    case Twchar:
	    case Tuns16:	value = (d_uns16) value;	break;
	    case Tint32:	value = (d_int32) value;	break;
	    case Tdchar:
	    case Tuns32:	value = (d_uns32) value;	break;
	    case Tint64:	value = (d_int64) value;	break;
	    case Tuns64:	value = (d_uns64) value;	break;
	    case Tpointer:
                if (PTRSIZE == 4)
                    value = (d_uns32) value;
                else if (PTRSIZE == 8)
                    value = (d_uns64) value;
		else
		    assert(0);
                break;

	    case Tenum:
	    {
		TypeEnum *te = (TypeEnum *)t;
		t = te->sym->memtype;
		continue;
	    }

	    case Ttypedef:
	    {
		TypeTypedef *tt = (TypeTypedef *)t;
		t = tt->sym->basetype;
		continue;
	    }

	    default:
		/* This can happen if errors, such as
		 * the type is painted on like in fromConstInitializer().
		 */
		if (!global.errors)
		{   type->print();
		    assert(0);
		}
		break;
	}
	break;
    }
    return value;
}

real_t IntegerExp::toReal()
{
    Type *t;

    toInteger();
    t = type->toBasetype();
    if (t->ty == Tuns64)
	return (real_t)(d_uns64)value;
    else
	return (real_t)(d_int64)value;
}

real_t IntegerExp::toImaginary()
{
    return (real_t) 0;
}

complex_t IntegerExp::toComplex()
{
    return toReal();
}

int IntegerExp::isBool(int result)
{
    return result ? value != 0 : value == 0;
}

Expression *IntegerExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    if (!type)
    {
	// Determine what the type of this number is
	dinteger_t number = value;

	if (number & 0x8000000000000000LL)
	    type = Type::tuns64;
	else if (number & 0xFFFFFFFF80000000LL)
	    type = Type::tint64;
	else
	    type = Type::tint32;
    }
    else
    {	if (!type->deco)
	    type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
    }
    return this;
}

Expression *IntegerExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    if (!e)
	e = this;
    else if (!loc.filename)
	loc = e->loc;
    e->error("constant %s is not an lvalue", e->toChars());
    return this;
}

void IntegerExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    dinteger_t v = toInteger();

    if (type)
    {	Type *t = type;

      L1:
	switch (t->ty)
	{
	    case Tenum:
	    {   TypeEnum *te = (TypeEnum *)t;
		buf->printf("cast(%s)", te->sym->toChars());
		t = te->sym->memtype;
		goto L1;
	    }

	    case Ttypedef:
	    {	TypeTypedef *tt = (TypeTypedef *)t;
		buf->printf("cast(%s)", tt->sym->toChars());
		t = tt->sym->basetype;
		goto L1;
	    }

	    case Twchar:	// BUG: need to cast(wchar)
	    case Tdchar:	// BUG: need to cast(dchar)
		if ((uinteger_t)v > 0xFF)
		{
		     buf->printf("'\\U%08x'", (unsigned)v);
		     break;
		}
	    case Tchar:
		if (v == '\'')
		    buf->writestring("'\\''");
		else if (isprint(v) && v != '\\')
		    buf->printf("'%c'", (int)v);
		else
		    buf->printf("'\\x%02x'", (int)v);
		break;

	    case Tint8:
		buf->writestring("cast(byte)");
		goto L2;

	    case Tint16:
		buf->writestring("cast(short)");
		goto L2;

	    case Tint32:
	    L2:
		buf->printf("%d", (int)v);
		break;

	    case Tuns8:
		buf->writestring("cast(ubyte)");
		goto L3;

	    case Tuns16:
		buf->writestring("cast(ushort)");
		goto L3;

	    case Tuns32:
	    L3:
		buf->printf("%du", (unsigned)v);
		break;

	    case Tint64:
		buf->printf("%jdL", v);
		break;

	    case Tuns64:
	    L4:
		buf->printf("%juLU", v);
		break;

	    case Tbit:
	    case Tbool:
		buf->writestring((char *)(v ? "true" : "false"));
		break;

	    case Tpointer:
		buf->writestring("cast(");
		buf->writestring(t->toChars());
		buf->writeByte(')');
                if (PTRSIZE == 4)
                    goto L3;
                else if (PTRSIZE == 8)
                    goto L4;
		else
		    assert(0);

	    default:
		/* This can happen if errors, such as
		 * the type is painted on like in fromConstInitializer().
		 */
		if (!global.errors)
		{
#ifdef DEBUG
		    t->print();
#endif
		    assert(0);
		}
		break;
	}
    }
    else if (v & 0x8000000000000000LL)
	buf->printf("0x%jx", v);
    else
	buf->printf("%jd", v);
}

void IntegerExp::toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf)
{
    if ((sinteger_t)value < 0)
	buf->printf("N%jd", -value);
    else
	buf->printf("%jd", value);
}

/******************************** ErrorExp **************************/

/* Use this expression for error recovery.
 * It should behave as a 'sink' to prevent further cascaded error messages.
 */

ErrorExp::ErrorExp()
    : IntegerExp(0, 0, Type::terror)
{
}

void ErrorExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("__error");
}

/******************************** RealExp **************************/

RealExp::RealExp(Loc loc, real_t value, Type *type)
	: Expression(loc, TOKfloat64, sizeof(RealExp))
{
    //printf("RealExp::RealExp(%Lg)\n", value);
    this->value = value;
    this->type = type;
}

char *RealExp::toChars()
{
    char buffer[sizeof(value) * 3 + 8 + 1 + 1];

#ifdef IN_GCC
    value.format(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
    if (type->isimaginary())
	strcat(buffer, "i");
#else
    sprintf(buffer, type->isimaginary() ? "%Lgi" : "%Lg", value);
#endif
    assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
    return mem.strdup(buffer);
}

dinteger_t RealExp::toInteger()
{
#ifdef IN_GCC
    return toReal().toInt();
#else
    return (sinteger_t) toReal();
#endif
}

uinteger_t RealExp::toUInteger()
{
#ifdef IN_GCC
    return (uinteger_t) toReal().toInt();
#else
    return (uinteger_t) toReal();
#endif
}

real_t RealExp::toReal()
{
    return type->isreal() ? value : 0;
}

real_t RealExp::toImaginary()
{
    return type->isreal() ? 0 : value;
}

complex_t RealExp::toComplex()
{
#ifdef __DMC__
    return toReal() + toImaginary() * I;
#else
    return complex_t(toReal(), toImaginary());
#endif
}

/********************************
 * Test to see if two reals are the same.
 * Regard NaN's as equivalent.
 * Regard +0 and -0 as different.
 */

int RealEquals(real_t x1, real_t x2)
{
//#if 1
//    return (Port::isNan(x1) && Port::isNan(x2)) ||
//#elif __APPLE__
#if __APPLE__
    return (__inline_isnan(x1) && __inline_isnan(x2)) ||
#else
    return // special case nans
	   (isnan(x1) && isnan(x2)) ||
#endif
	   // and zero, in order to distinguish +0 from -0
	   (x1 == 0 && x2 == 0 && 1./x1 == 1./x2) ||
	   // otherwise just compare
	   (x1 != 0. && x1 == x2);
}

int RealExp::equals(Object *o)
{   RealExp *ne;

    if (this == o ||
	(((Expression *)o)->op == TOKfloat64 &&
	 ((ne = (RealExp *)o), type->toHeadMutable()->equals(ne->type->toHeadMutable())) &&
	 RealEquals(value, ne->value)
        )
       )
	return 1;
    return 0;
}

Expression *RealExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    if (!type)
	type = Type::tfloat64;
    else
	type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
    return this;
}

int RealExp::isBool(int result)
{
#ifdef IN_GCC
    return result ? (! value.isZero()) : (value.isZero());
#else
    return result ? (value != 0)
		  : (value == 0);
#endif
}

void floatToBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, Type *type, real_t value)
{
    /* In order to get an exact representation, try converting it
     * to decimal then back again. If it matches, use it.
     * If it doesn't, fall back to hex, which is
     * always exact.
     */
    char buffer[25];
    sprintf(buffer, "%Lg", value);
    assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
#if _WIN32 && __DMC__
    char *save = __locale_decpoint;
    __locale_decpoint = ".";
    real_t r = strtold(buffer, NULL);
    __locale_decpoint = save;
#else
    real_t r = strtold(buffer, NULL);
#endif
    if (r == value)			// if exact duplication
	buf->writestring(buffer);
    else
	buf->printf("%La", value);	// ensure exact duplication

    if (type)
    {
	Type *t = type->toBasetype();
	switch (t->ty)
	{
	    case Tfloat32:
	    case Timaginary32:
	    case Tcomplex32:
		buf->writeByte('F');
		break;

	    case Tfloat80:
	    case Timaginary80:
	    case Tcomplex80:
		buf->writeByte('L');
		break;

	    default:
		break;
	}
	if (t->isimaginary())
	    buf->writeByte('i');
    }
}

void RealExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    floatToBuffer(buf, type, value);
}

void realToMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, real_t value)
{
    /* Rely on %A to get portable mangling.
     * Must munge result to get only identifier characters.
     *
     * Possible values from %A	=> mangled result
     * NAN			=> NAN
     * -INF			=> NINF
     * INF			=> INF
     * -0X1.1BC18BA997B95P+79	=> N11BC18BA997B95P79
     * 0X1.9P+2			=> 19P2
     */

//#if 1
//    if (Port::isNan(value))
//#elif __APPLE__
#if __APPLE__
    if (__inline_isnan(value))
#else
    if (isnan(value))
#endif
	buf->writestring("NAN");	// no -NAN bugs
    else
    {
	char buffer[32];
	int n = sprintf(buffer, "%LA", value);
	assert(n > 0 && n < sizeof(buffer));
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
	{   char c = buffer[i];

	    switch (c)
	    {
		case '-':
		    buf->writeByte('N');
		    break;

		case '+':
		case 'X':
		case '.':
		    break;

		case '0':
		    if (i < 2)
			break;		// skip leading 0X
		default:
		    buf->writeByte(c);
		    break;
	    }
	}
    }
}

void RealExp::toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf)
{
    buf->writeByte('e');
    realToMangleBuffer(buf, value);
}


/******************************** ComplexExp **************************/

ComplexExp::ComplexExp(Loc loc, complex_t value, Type *type)
	: Expression(loc, TOKcomplex80, sizeof(ComplexExp))
{
    this->value = value;
    this->type = type;
    //printf("ComplexExp::ComplexExp(%s)\n", toChars());
}

char *ComplexExp::toChars()
{
    char buffer[sizeof(value) * 3 + 8 + 1];

#ifdef IN_GCC
    char buf1[sizeof(value) * 3 + 8 + 1];
    char buf2[sizeof(value) * 3 + 8 + 1];
    creall(value).format(buf1, sizeof(buf1));
    cimagl(value).format(buf2, sizeof(buf2));
    sprintf(buffer, "(%s+%si)", buf1, buf2);
#else
    sprintf(buffer, "(%Lg+%Lgi)", creall(value), cimagl(value));
    assert(strlen(buffer) < sizeof(buffer));
#endif
    return mem.strdup(buffer);
}

dinteger_t ComplexExp::toInteger()
{
#ifdef IN_GCC
    return (sinteger_t) toReal().toInt();
#else
    return (sinteger_t) toReal();
#endif
}

uinteger_t ComplexExp::toUInteger()
{
#ifdef IN_GCC
    return (uinteger_t) toReal().toInt();
#else
    return (uinteger_t) toReal();
#endif
}

real_t ComplexExp::toReal()
{
    return creall(value);
}

real_t ComplexExp::toImaginary()
{
    return cimagl(value);
}

complex_t ComplexExp::toComplex()
{
    return value;
}

int ComplexExp::equals(Object *o)
{   ComplexExp *ne;

    if (this == o ||
	(((Expression *)o)->op == TOKcomplex80 &&
	 ((ne = (ComplexExp *)o), type->toHeadMutable()->equals(ne->type->toHeadMutable())) &&
	 RealEquals(creall(value), creall(ne->value)) &&
	 RealEquals(cimagl(value), cimagl(ne->value))
	)
       )
	return 1;
    return 0;
}

Expression *ComplexExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    if (!type)
	type = Type::tcomplex80;
    else
	type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
    return this;
}

int ComplexExp::isBool(int result)
{
    if (result)
	return (bool)(value);
    else
	return !value;
}

void ComplexExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    /* Print as:
     *  (re+imi)
     */
#ifdef IN_GCC
    char buf1[sizeof(value) * 3 + 8 + 1];
    char buf2[sizeof(value) * 3 + 8 + 1];
    creall(value).format(buf1, sizeof(buf1));
    cimagl(value).format(buf2, sizeof(buf2));
    buf->printf("(%s+%si)", buf1, buf2);
#else
    buf->writeByte('(');
    floatToBuffer(buf, type, creall(value));
    buf->writeByte('+');
    floatToBuffer(buf, type, cimagl(value));
    buf->writestring("i)");
#endif
}

void ComplexExp::toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf)
{
    buf->writeByte('c');
    real_t r = toReal();
    realToMangleBuffer(buf, r);
    buf->writeByte('c');	// separate the two
    r = toImaginary();
    realToMangleBuffer(buf, r);
}

/******************************** IdentifierExp **************************/

IdentifierExp::IdentifierExp(Loc loc, Identifier *ident)
	: Expression(loc, TOKidentifier, sizeof(IdentifierExp))
{
    this->ident = ident;
}

Expression *IdentifierExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    Dsymbol *s;
    Dsymbol *scopesym;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("IdentifierExp::semantic('%s')\n", ident->toChars());
#endif
    s = sc->search(loc, ident, &scopesym);
    if (s)
    {	Expression *e;
	WithScopeSymbol *withsym;

	/* See if the symbol was a member of an enclosing 'with'
	 */
	withsym = scopesym->isWithScopeSymbol();
	if (withsym)
	{
	    s = s->toAlias();

	    // Same as wthis.ident
	    if (s->needThis() || s->isTemplateDeclaration())
	    {
		e = new VarExp(loc, withsym->withstate->wthis);
		e = new DotIdExp(loc, e, ident);
	    }
	    else
	    {	Type *t = withsym->withstate->wthis->type;
		if (t->ty == Tpointer)
		    t = ((TypePointer *)t)->next;
		e = typeDotIdExp(loc, t, ident);
	    }
	}
	else
	{
	    /* If f is really a function template,
	     * then replace f with the function template declaration.
	     */
	    FuncDeclaration *f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
	    if (f && f->parent)
	    {   TemplateInstance *ti = f->parent->isTemplateInstance();

		if (ti &&
		    !ti->isTemplateMixin() &&
		    (ti->name == f->ident ||
		     ti->toAlias()->ident == f->ident)
		    &&
		    ti->tempdecl && ti->tempdecl->onemember)
		{
		    TemplateDeclaration *tempdecl = ti->tempdecl;
		    if (tempdecl->overroot)         // if not start of overloaded list of TemplateDeclaration's
			tempdecl = tempdecl->overroot; // then get the start
		    e = new TemplateExp(loc, tempdecl);
		    e = e->semantic(sc);
		    return e;
		}
	    }
	    // Haven't done overload resolution yet, so pass 1
	    e = new DsymbolExp(loc, s, 1);
	}
	return e->semantic(sc);
    }
    error("undefined identifier %s", ident->toChars());
    type = Type::terror;
    return this;
}

char *IdentifierExp::toChars()
{
    return ident->toChars();
}

void IdentifierExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (hgs->hdrgen)
	buf->writestring(ident->toHChars2());
    else
	buf->writestring(ident->toChars());
}

#if DMDV2
int IdentifierExp::isLvalue()
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

Expression *IdentifierExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
#if 0
    tym = tybasic(e1->ET->Tty);
    if (!(tyscalar(tym) ||
	  tym == TYstruct ||
	  tym == TYarray && e->Eoper == TOKaddr))
	    synerr(EM_lvalue);	// lvalue expected
#endif
    return this;
}

/******************************** DollarExp **************************/

DollarExp::DollarExp(Loc loc)
	: IdentifierExp(loc, Id::dollar)
{
}

/******************************** DsymbolExp **************************/

DsymbolExp::DsymbolExp(Loc loc, Dsymbol *s, int hasOverloads)
	: Expression(loc, TOKdsymbol, sizeof(DsymbolExp))
{
    this->s = s;
    this->hasOverloads = hasOverloads;
}

Expression *DsymbolExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("DsymbolExp::semantic('%s')\n", s->toChars());
#endif

Lagain:
    EnumMember *em;
    Expression *e;
    VarDeclaration *v;
    FuncDeclaration *f;
    FuncLiteralDeclaration *fld;
    OverloadSet *o;
    Declaration *d;
    ClassDeclaration *cd;
    ClassDeclaration *thiscd = NULL;
    Import *imp;
    Package *pkg;
    Type *t;

    //printf("DsymbolExp:: %p '%s' is a symbol\n", this, toChars());
    //printf("s = '%s', s->kind = '%s'\n", s->toChars(), s->kind());
    if (type)
	return this;
    if (!s->isFuncDeclaration())	// functions are checked after overloading
	checkDeprecated(sc, s);
    s = s->toAlias();
    //printf("s = '%s', s->kind = '%s', s->needThis() = %p\n", s->toChars(), s->kind(), s->needThis());
    if (!s->isFuncDeclaration())
	checkDeprecated(sc, s);

    if (sc->func)
	thiscd = sc->func->parent->isClassDeclaration();

    // BUG: This should happen after overload resolution for functions, not before
    if (s->needThis())
    {
	if (hasThis(sc)
#if DMDV2
		&& !s->isFuncDeclaration()
#endif
	    )
	{
	    // Supply an implicit 'this', as in
	    //	  this.ident

	    DotVarExp *de;

	    de = new DotVarExp(loc, new ThisExp(loc), s->isDeclaration());
	    return de->semantic(sc);
	}
    }

    em = s->isEnumMember();
    if (em)
    {
	e = em->value;
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	return e;
    }
    v = s->isVarDeclaration();
    if (v)
    {
	//printf("Identifier '%s' is a variable, type '%s'\n", toChars(), v->type->toChars());
	if (!type)
	{   type = v->type;
	    if (!v->type)
	    {	error("forward reference of %s", v->toChars());
		type = Type::terror;
	    }
	}
	e = new VarExp(loc, v);
	e->type = type;
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	return e->deref();
    }
    fld = s->isFuncLiteralDeclaration();
    if (fld)
    {	//printf("'%s' is a function literal\n", fld->toChars());
	e = new FuncExp(loc, fld);
	return e->semantic(sc);
    }
    f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
    if (f)
    {	//printf("'%s' is a function\n", f->toChars());
	return new VarExp(loc, f, hasOverloads);
    }
    o = s->isOverloadSet();
    if (o)
    {	//printf("'%s' is an overload set\n", o->toChars());
	return new OverExp(o);
    }
    cd = s->isClassDeclaration();
    if (cd && thiscd && cd->isBaseOf(thiscd, NULL) && sc->func->needThis())
    {
	// We need to add an implicit 'this' if cd is this class or a base class.
	DotTypeExp *dte;

	dte = new DotTypeExp(loc, new ThisExp(loc), s);
	return dte->semantic(sc);
    }
    imp = s->isImport();
    if (imp)
    {
	if (!imp->pkg)
	{   error("forward reference of import %s", imp->toChars());
	    return this;
	}
	ScopeExp *ie = new ScopeExp(loc, imp->pkg);
	return ie->semantic(sc);
    }
    pkg = s->isPackage();
    if (pkg)
    {
	ScopeExp *ie;

	ie = new ScopeExp(loc, pkg);
	return ie->semantic(sc);
    }
    Module *mod = s->isModule();
    if (mod)
    {
	ScopeExp *ie;

	ie = new ScopeExp(loc, mod);
	return ie->semantic(sc);
    }

    t = s->getType();
    if (t)
    {
	return new TypeExp(loc, t);
    }

    TupleDeclaration *tup = s->isTupleDeclaration();
    if (tup)
    {
	e = new TupleExp(loc, tup);
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	return e;
    }

    TemplateInstance *ti = s->isTemplateInstance();
    if (ti && !global.errors)
    {   if (!ti->semanticdone)
	    ti->semantic(sc);
	s = ti->inst->toAlias();
	if (!s->isTemplateInstance())
	    goto Lagain;
	e = new ScopeExp(loc, ti);
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	return e;
    }

    TemplateDeclaration *td = s->isTemplateDeclaration();
    if (td)
    {
	e = new TemplateExp(loc, td);
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	return e;
    }

Lerr:
    error("%s '%s' is not a variable", s->kind(), s->toChars());
    type = Type::terror;
    return this;
}

char *DsymbolExp::toChars()
{
    return s->toChars();
}

void DsymbolExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring(s->toChars());
}

#if DMDV2
int DsymbolExp::isLvalue()
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

Expression *DsymbolExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
#if 0
    tym = tybasic(e1->ET->Tty);
    if (!(tyscalar(tym) ||
	  tym == TYstruct ||
	  tym == TYarray && e->Eoper == TOKaddr))
	    synerr(EM_lvalue);	// lvalue expected
#endif
    return this;
}

/******************************** ThisExp **************************/

ThisExp::ThisExp(Loc loc)
	: Expression(loc, TOKthis, sizeof(ThisExp))
{
    //printf("ThisExp::ThisExp() loc = %d\n", loc.linnum);
    var = NULL;
}

Expression *ThisExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   FuncDeclaration *fd;
    FuncDeclaration *fdthis;
    int nested = 0;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("ThisExp::semantic()\n");
#endif
    if (type)
    {	//assert(global.errors || var);
	return this;
    }

    /* Special case for typeof(this) and typeof(super) since both
     * should work even if they are not inside a non-static member function
     */
    if (sc->intypeof)
    {
	// Find enclosing struct or class
	for (Dsymbol *s = sc->parent; 1; s = s->parent)
	{
	    if (!s)
	    {
		error("%s is not in a class or struct scope", toChars());
		goto Lerr;
	    }
	    ClassDeclaration *cd = s->isClassDeclaration();
	    if (cd)
	    {
		type = cd->type;
		return this;
	    }
	    StructDeclaration *sd = s->isStructDeclaration();
	    if (sd)
	    {
#if STRUCTTHISREF
		type = sd->type;
#else
		type = sd->type->pointerTo();
#endif
		return this;
	    }
	}
    }

    fdthis = sc->parent->isFuncDeclaration();
    fd = hasThis(sc);	// fd is the uplevel function with the 'this' variable
    if (!fd)
	goto Lerr;

    assert(fd->vthis);
    var = fd->vthis;
    assert(var->parent);
    type = var->type;
    var->isVarDeclaration()->checkNestedReference(sc, loc);
    if (!sc->intypeof)
	sc->callSuper |= CSXthis;
    return this;

Lerr:
    error("'this' is only defined in non-static member functions, not %s", sc->parent->toChars());
    type = Type::terror;
    return this;
}

int ThisExp::isBool(int result)
{
    return result ? TRUE : FALSE;
}

void ThisExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("this");
}

#if DMDV2
int ThisExp::isLvalue()
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

Expression *ThisExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    return this;
}

/******************************** SuperExp **************************/

SuperExp::SuperExp(Loc loc)
	: ThisExp(loc)
{
    op = TOKsuper;
}

Expression *SuperExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   FuncDeclaration *fd;
    FuncDeclaration *fdthis;
    ClassDeclaration *cd;
    Dsymbol *s;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("SuperExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
	return this;

    /* Special case for typeof(this) and typeof(super) since both
     * should work even if they are not inside a non-static member function
     */
    if (sc->intypeof)
    {
	// Find enclosing class
	for (Dsymbol *s = sc->parent; 1; s = s->parent)
	{
	    ClassDeclaration *cd;

	    if (!s)
	    {
		error("%s is not in a class scope", toChars());
		goto Lerr;
	    }
	    cd = s->isClassDeclaration();
	    if (cd)
	    {
		cd = cd->baseClass;
		if (!cd)
		{   error("class %s has no 'super'", s->toChars());
		    goto Lerr;
		}
		type = cd->type;
		return this;
	    }
	}
    }

    fdthis = sc->parent->isFuncDeclaration();
    fd = hasThis(sc);
    if (!fd)
	goto Lerr;
    assert(fd->vthis);
    var = fd->vthis;
    assert(var->parent);

    s = fd->toParent();
    while (s && s->isTemplateInstance())
	s = s->toParent();
    assert(s);
    cd = s->isClassDeclaration();
//printf("parent is %s %s\n", fd->toParent()->kind(), fd->toParent()->toChars());
    if (!cd)
	goto Lerr;
    if (!cd->baseClass)
    {
	error("no base class for %s", cd->toChars());
	type = fd->vthis->type;
    }
    else
    {
	type = cd->baseClass->type;
    }

    var->isVarDeclaration()->checkNestedReference(sc, loc);

    if (!sc->intypeof)
	sc->callSuper |= CSXsuper;
    return this;


Lerr:
    error("'super' is only allowed in non-static class member functions");
    type = Type::tint32;
    return this;
}

void SuperExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("super");
}


/******************************** NullExp **************************/

NullExp::NullExp(Loc loc)
	: Expression(loc, TOKnull, sizeof(NullExp))
{
    committed = 0;
}

Expression *NullExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("NullExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    // NULL is the same as (void *)0
    if (!type)
	type = Type::tvoid->pointerTo();
    return this;
}

int NullExp::isBool(int result)
{
    return result ? FALSE : TRUE;
}

void NullExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("null");
}

void NullExp::toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf)
{
    buf->writeByte('n');
}

/******************************** StringExp **************************/

StringExp::StringExp(Loc loc, char *string)
	: Expression(loc, TOKstring, sizeof(StringExp))
{
    this->string = string;
    this->len = strlen(string);
    this->sz = 1;
    this->committed = 0;
    this->postfix = 0;
}

StringExp::StringExp(Loc loc, void *string, size_t len)
	: Expression(loc, TOKstring, sizeof(StringExp))
{
    this->string = string;
    this->len = len;
    this->sz = 1;
    this->committed = 0;
    this->postfix = 0;
}

StringExp::StringExp(Loc loc, void *string, size_t len, unsigned char postfix)
	: Expression(loc, TOKstring, sizeof(StringExp))
{
    this->string = string;
    this->len = len;
    this->sz = 1;
    this->committed = 0;
    this->postfix = postfix;
}

#if 0
Expression *StringExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    printf("StringExp::syntaxCopy() %s\n", toChars());
    return copy();
}
#endif

int StringExp::equals(Object *o)
{
    //printf("StringExp::equals('%s')\n", o->toChars());
    if (o && o->dyncast() == DYNCAST_EXPRESSION)
    {	Expression *e = (Expression *)o;

	if (e->op == TOKstring)
	{
	    return compare(o) == 0;
	}
    }
    return FALSE;
}

char *StringExp::toChars()
{
    OutBuffer buf;
    HdrGenState hgs;
    char *p;

    memset(&hgs, 0, sizeof(hgs));
    toCBuffer(&buf, &hgs);
    buf.writeByte(0);
    p = (char *)buf.data;
    buf.data = NULL;
    return p;
}

Expression *StringExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("StringExp::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (!type)
    {	OutBuffer buffer;
	size_t newlen = 0;
	const char *p;
	size_t u;
	unsigned c;

	switch (postfix)
	{
	    case 'd':
		for (u = 0; u < len;)
		{
		    p = utf_decodeChar((unsigned char *)string, len, &u, &c);
		    if (p)
		    {	error("%s", p);
			break;
		    }
		    else
		    {	buffer.write4(c);
			newlen++;
		    }
		}
		buffer.write4(0);
		string = buffer.extractData();
		len = newlen;
		sz = 4;
		//type = new TypeSArray(Type::tdchar, new IntegerExp(loc, len, Type::tindex));
		type = new TypeDArray(Type::tdchar->invariantOf());
		committed = 1;
		break;

	    case 'w':
		for (u = 0; u < len;)
		{
		    p = utf_decodeChar((unsigned char *)string, len, &u, &c);
		    if (p)
		    {	error("%s", p);
			break;
		    }
		    else
		    {	buffer.writeUTF16(c);
			newlen++;
			if (c >= 0x10000)
			    newlen++;
		    }
		}
		buffer.writeUTF16(0);
		string = buffer.extractData();
		len = newlen;
		sz = 2;
		//type = new TypeSArray(Type::twchar, new IntegerExp(loc, len, Type::tindex));
		type = new TypeDArray(Type::twchar->invariantOf());
		committed = 1;
		break;

	    case 'c':
		committed = 1;
	    default:
		//type = new TypeSArray(Type::tchar, new IntegerExp(loc, len, Type::tindex));
		type = new TypeDArray(Type::tchar->invariantOf());
		break;
	}
	type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
	//type = type->invariantOf();
	//printf("type = %s\n", type->toChars());
    }
    return this;
}

/**********************************
 * Return length of string.
 */

size_t StringExp::length()
{
    size_t result = 0;
    dchar_t c;
    const char *p;

    switch (sz)
    {
	case 1:
	    for (size_t u = 0; u < len;)
	    {
		p = utf_decodeChar((unsigned char *)string, len, &u, &c);
		if (p)
		{   error("%s", p);
		    break;
		}
		else
		    result++;
	    }
	    break;

	case 2:
	    for (size_t u = 0; u < len;)
	    {
		p = utf_decodeWchar((unsigned short *)string, len, &u, &c);
		if (p)
		{   error("%s", p);
		    break;
		}
		else
		    result++;
	    }
	    break;

	case 4:
	    result = len;
	    break;

	default:
	    assert(0);
    }
    return result;
}

/****************************************
 * Convert string to char[].
 */

StringExp *StringExp::toUTF8(Scope *sc)
{
    if (sz != 1)
    {	// Convert to UTF-8 string
	committed = 0;
	Expression *e = castTo(sc, Type::tchar->arrayOf());
	e = e->optimize(WANTvalue);
	assert(e->op == TOKstring);
	StringExp *se = (StringExp *)e;
	assert(se->sz == 1);
	return se;
    }
    return this;
}

int StringExp::compare(Object *obj)
{
    // Used to sort case statement expressions so we can do an efficient lookup
    StringExp *se2 = (StringExp *)(obj);

    // This is a kludge so isExpression() in template.c will return 5
    // for StringExp's.
    if (!se2)
	return 5;

    assert(se2->op == TOKstring);

    int len1 = len;
    int len2 = se2->len;

    if (len1 == len2)
    {
	switch (sz)
	{
	    case 1:
		return strcmp((char *)string, (char *)se2->string);

	    case 2:
	    {	unsigned u;
		d_wchar *s1 = (d_wchar *)string;
		d_wchar *s2 = (d_wchar *)se2->string;

		for (u = 0; u < len; u++)
		{
		    if (s1[u] != s2[u])
			return s1[u] - s2[u];
		}
	    }

	    case 4:
	    {	unsigned u;
		d_dchar *s1 = (d_dchar *)string;
		d_dchar *s2 = (d_dchar *)se2->string;

		for (u = 0; u < len; u++)
		{
		    if (s1[u] != s2[u])
			return s1[u] - s2[u];
		}
	    }
	    break;

	    default:
		assert(0);
	}
    }
    return len1 - len2;
}

int StringExp::isBool(int result)
{
    return result ? TRUE : FALSE;
}

unsigned StringExp::charAt(size_t i)
{   unsigned value;

    switch (sz)
    {
	case 1:
	    value = ((unsigned char *)string)[i];
	    break;

	case 2:
	    value = ((unsigned short *)string)[i];
	    break;

	case 4:
	    value = ((unsigned int *)string)[i];
	    break;

	default:
	    assert(0);
	    break;
    }
    return value;
}

void StringExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writeByte('"');
    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
    {	unsigned c = charAt(i);

	switch (c)
	{
	    case '"':
	    case '\\':
		if (!hgs->console)
		    buf->writeByte('\\');
	    default:
		if (c <= 0xFF)
		{   if (c <= 0x7F && (isprint(c) || hgs->console))
			buf->writeByte(c);
		    else
			buf->printf("\\x%02x", c);
		}
		else if (c <= 0xFFFF)
		    buf->printf("\\x%02x\\x%02x", c & 0xFF, c >> 8);
		else
		    buf->printf("\\x%02x\\x%02x\\x%02x\\x%02x",
			c & 0xFF, (c >> 8) & 0xFF, (c >> 16) & 0xFF, c >> 24);
		break;
	}
    }
    buf->writeByte('"');
    if (postfix)
	buf->writeByte(postfix);
}

void StringExp::toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf)
{   char m;
    OutBuffer tmp;
    const char *p;
    unsigned c;
    size_t u;
    unsigned char *q;
    unsigned qlen;

    /* Write string in UTF-8 format
     */
    switch (sz)
    {	case 1:
	    m = 'a';
	    q = (unsigned char *)string;
	    qlen = len;
	    break;
	case 2:
	    m = 'w';
	    for (u = 0; u < len; )
	    {
                p = utf_decodeWchar((unsigned short *)string, len, &u, &c);
                if (p)
                    error("%s", p);
                else
                    tmp.writeUTF8(c);
	    }
	    q = tmp.data;
	    qlen = tmp.offset;
	    break;
	case 4:
	    m = 'd';
            for (u = 0; u < len; u++)
            {
                c = ((unsigned *)string)[u];
                if (!utf_isValidDchar(c))
                    error("invalid UCS-32 char \\U%08x", c);
                else
                    tmp.writeUTF8(c);
            }
	    q = tmp.data;
	    qlen = tmp.offset;
	    break;
	default:
	    assert(0);
    }
    buf->writeByte(m);
    buf->printf("%d_", qlen);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < qlen; i++)
	buf->printf("%02x", q[i]);
}

/************************ ArrayLiteralExp ************************************/

// [ e1, e2, e3, ... ]

ArrayLiteralExp::ArrayLiteralExp(Loc loc, Expressions *elements)
    : Expression(loc, TOKarrayliteral, sizeof(ArrayLiteralExp))
{
    this->elements = elements;
}

ArrayLiteralExp::ArrayLiteralExp(Loc loc, Expression *e)
    : Expression(loc, TOKarrayliteral, sizeof(ArrayLiteralExp))
{
    elements = new Expressions;
    elements->push(e);
}

Expression *ArrayLiteralExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new ArrayLiteralExp(loc, arraySyntaxCopy(elements));
}

Expression *ArrayLiteralExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;
    Type *t0 = NULL;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("ArrayLiteralExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
	return this;

    // Run semantic() on each element
    for (int i = 0; i < elements->dim; i++)
    {	e = (Expression *)elements->data[i];
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	elements->data[i] = (void *)e;
    }
    expandTuples(elements);
    for (int i = 0; i < elements->dim; i++)
    {	e = (Expression *)elements->data[i];

	if (!e->type)
	    error("%s has no value", e->toChars());
	e = resolveProperties(sc, e);

	unsigned char committed = 1;
	if (e->op == TOKstring)
	    committed = ((StringExp *)e)->committed;

	if (!t0)
	{   t0 = e->type;
	    // Convert any static arrays to dynamic arrays
	    if (t0->ty == Tsarray)
	    {
		t0 = ((TypeSArray *)t0)->next->arrayOf();
		e = e->implicitCastTo(sc, t0);
	    }
	}
	else
	    e = e->implicitCastTo(sc, t0);
	if (!committed && e->op == TOKstring)
	{   StringExp *se = (StringExp *)e;
	    se->committed = 0;
	}
	elements->data[i] = (void *)e;
    }

    if (!t0)
	t0 = Type::tvoid;
    type = new TypeSArray(t0, new IntegerExp(elements->dim));
    type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
    return this;
}

int ArrayLiteralExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{   int f = 0;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < elements->dim; i++)
    {	Expression *e = (Expression *)elements->data[i];

	f |= e->checkSideEffect(2);
    }
    if (flag == 0 && f == 0)
	Expression::checkSideEffect(0);
    return f;
}

int ArrayLiteralExp::isBool(int result)
{
    size_t dim = elements ? elements->dim : 0;
    return result ? (dim != 0) : (dim == 0);
}

#if DMDV2
int ArrayLiteralExp::canThrow()
{
    return 1;	// because it can fail allocating memory
}
#endif

void ArrayLiteralExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writeByte('[');
    argsToCBuffer(buf, elements, hgs);
    buf->writeByte(']');
}

void ArrayLiteralExp::toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf)
{
    size_t dim = elements ? elements->dim : 0;
    buf->printf("A%zu", dim);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; i++)
    {	Expression *e = (Expression *)elements->data[i];
	e->toMangleBuffer(buf);
    }
}

/************************ AssocArrayLiteralExp ************************************/

// [ key0 : value0, key1 : value1, ... ]

AssocArrayLiteralExp::AssocArrayLiteralExp(Loc loc,
		Expressions *keys, Expressions *values)
    : Expression(loc, TOKassocarrayliteral, sizeof(AssocArrayLiteralExp))
{
    assert(keys->dim == values->dim);
    this->keys = keys;
    this->values = values;
}

Expression *AssocArrayLiteralExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new AssocArrayLiteralExp(loc,
	arraySyntaxCopy(keys), arraySyntaxCopy(values));
}

Expression *AssocArrayLiteralExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;
    Type *tkey = NULL;
    Type *tvalue = NULL;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("AssocArrayLiteralExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif

    // Run semantic() on each element
    for (size_t i = 0; i < keys->dim; i++)
    {	Expression *key = (Expression *)keys->data[i];
	Expression *value = (Expression *)values->data[i];

	key = key->semantic(sc);
	value = value->semantic(sc);

	keys->data[i] = (void *)key;
	values->data[i] = (void *)value;
    }
    expandTuples(keys);
    expandTuples(values);
    if (keys->dim != values->dim)
    {
	error("number of keys is %u, must match number of values %u", keys->dim, values->dim);
	keys->setDim(0);
	values->setDim(0);
    }
    for (size_t i = 0; i < keys->dim; i++)
    {	Expression *key = (Expression *)keys->data[i];
	Expression *value = (Expression *)values->data[i];

	if (!key->type)
	    error("%s has no value", key->toChars());
	if (!value->type)
	    error("%s has no value", value->toChars());
	key = resolveProperties(sc, key);
	value = resolveProperties(sc, value);

	if (!tkey)
	    tkey = key->type;
	else
	    key = key->implicitCastTo(sc, tkey);
	keys->data[i] = (void *)key;

	if (!tvalue)
	    tvalue = value->type;
	else
	    value = value->implicitCastTo(sc, tvalue);
	values->data[i] = (void *)value;
    }

    if (!tkey)
	tkey = Type::tvoid;
    if (!tvalue)
	tvalue = Type::tvoid;
    type = new TypeAArray(tvalue, tkey);
    type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
    return this;
}

int AssocArrayLiteralExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{   int f = 0;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < keys->dim; i++)
    {	Expression *key = (Expression *)keys->data[i];
	Expression *value = (Expression *)values->data[i];

	f |= key->checkSideEffect(2);
	f |= value->checkSideEffect(2);
    }
    if (flag == 0 && f == 0)
	Expression::checkSideEffect(0);
    return f;
}

int AssocArrayLiteralExp::isBool(int result)
{
    size_t dim = keys->dim;
    return result ? (dim != 0) : (dim == 0);
}

#if DMDV2
int AssocArrayLiteralExp::canThrow()
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

void AssocArrayLiteralExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writeByte('[');
    for (size_t i = 0; i < keys->dim; i++)
    {	Expression *key = (Expression *)keys->data[i];
	Expression *value = (Expression *)values->data[i];

	if (i)
	    buf->writeByte(',');
	expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, key, PREC_assign);
	buf->writeByte(':');
	expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, value, PREC_assign);
    }
    buf->writeByte(']');
}

void AssocArrayLiteralExp::toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf)
{
    size_t dim = keys->dim;
    buf->printf("A%zu", dim);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; i++)
    {	Expression *key = (Expression *)keys->data[i];
	Expression *value = (Expression *)values->data[i];

	key->toMangleBuffer(buf);
	value->toMangleBuffer(buf);
    }
}

/************************ StructLiteralExp ************************************/

// sd( e1, e2, e3, ... )

StructLiteralExp::StructLiteralExp(Loc loc, StructDeclaration *sd, Expressions *elements)
    : Expression(loc, TOKstructliteral, sizeof(StructLiteralExp))
{
    this->sd = sd;
    this->elements = elements;
#if IN_DMD
    this->sym = NULL;
#endif
    this->soffset = 0;
    this->fillHoles = 1;
}

Expression *StructLiteralExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new StructLiteralExp(loc, sd, arraySyntaxCopy(elements));
}

Expression *StructLiteralExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;
    int nfields = sd->fields.dim - sd->isnested;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("StructLiteralExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
	return this;

    // Run semantic() on each element
    for (size_t i = 0; i < elements->dim; i++)
    {	e = (Expression *)elements->data[i];
	if (!e)
	    continue;
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	elements->data[i] = (void *)e;
    }
    expandTuples(elements);
    size_t offset = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < elements->dim; i++)
    {	e = (Expression *)elements->data[i];
	if (!e)
	    continue;

	if (!e->type)
	    error("%s has no value", e->toChars());
	e = resolveProperties(sc, e);
	if (i >= nfields)
	{   error("more initializers than fields of %s", sd->toChars());
	    break;
	}
	Dsymbol *s = (Dsymbol *)sd->fields.data[i];
	VarDeclaration *v = s->isVarDeclaration();
	assert(v);
	if (v->offset < offset)
	    error("overlapping initialization for %s", v->toChars());
	offset = v->offset + v->type->size();

	Type *telem = v->type;
	while (!e->implicitConvTo(telem) && telem->toBasetype()->ty == Tsarray)
	{   /* Static array initialization, as in:
	     *	T[3][5] = e;
	     */
	    telem = telem->toBasetype()->nextOf();
	}

	e = e->implicitCastTo(sc, telem);

	elements->data[i] = (void *)e;
    }

    /* Fill out remainder of elements[] with default initializers for fields[]
     */
    for (size_t i = elements->dim; i < nfields; i++)
    {	Dsymbol *s = (Dsymbol *)sd->fields.data[i];
	VarDeclaration *v = s->isVarDeclaration();
	assert(v);
	assert(!v->isThisDeclaration());

	if (v->offset < offset)
	{   e = NULL;
	    sd->hasUnions = 1;
	}
	else
	{
	    if (v->init)
	    {   e = v->init->toExpression();
		if (!e)
		    error("cannot make expression out of initializer for %s", v->toChars());
	    }
	    else
	    {	e = v->type->defaultInit();
		e->loc = loc;
	    }
	    offset = v->offset + v->type->size();
	}
	elements->push(e);
    }

    type = sd->type;
    return this;
}

/**************************************
 * Gets expression at offset of type.
 * Returns NULL if not found.
 */

Expression *StructLiteralExp::getField(Type *type, unsigned offset)
{
    //printf("StructLiteralExp::getField(this = %s, type = %s, offset = %u)\n",
//	/*toChars()*/"", type->toChars(), offset);
    Expression *e = NULL;
    int i = getFieldIndex(type, offset);

    if (i != -1)
    {
	//printf("\ti = %d\n", i);
	assert(i < elements->dim);
	e = (Expression *)elements->data[i];
	if (e)
	{
	    e = e->copy();
	    e->type = type;
	}
    }
    return e;
}

/************************************
 * Get index of field.
 * Returns -1 if not found. 
 */

int StructLiteralExp::getFieldIndex(Type *type, unsigned offset)
{
    /* Find which field offset is by looking at the field offsets
     */
    if (elements->dim)
    {
	for (size_t i = 0; i < sd->fields.dim; i++)
	{
	    Dsymbol *s = (Dsymbol *)sd->fields.data[i];
	    VarDeclaration *v = s->isVarDeclaration();
	    assert(v);

	    if (offset == v->offset &&
		type->size() == v->type->size())
	    {   Expression *e = (Expression *)elements->data[i];
		if (e)
		{
		    return i;
		}
		break;
	    }
	}
    }
    return -1;
}

#if DMDV2
int StructLiteralExp::isLvalue()
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

/*
Removed in LDC. See declaration.
Expression *StructLiteralExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    return this;
}
*/


int StructLiteralExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{   int f = 0;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < elements->dim; i++)
    {	Expression *e = (Expression *)elements->data[i];
	if (!e)
	    continue;

	f |= e->checkSideEffect(2);
    }
    if (flag == 0 && f == 0)
	Expression::checkSideEffect(0);
    return f;
}

#if DMDV2
int StructLiteralExp::canThrow()
{
    return arrayExpressionCanThrow(elements);
}
#endif

void StructLiteralExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring(sd->toChars());
    buf->writeByte('(');
    argsToCBuffer(buf, elements, hgs);
    buf->writeByte(')');
}

void StructLiteralExp::toMangleBuffer(OutBuffer *buf)
{
    size_t dim = elements ? elements->dim : 0;
    buf->printf("S%zu", dim);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; i++)
    {	Expression *e = (Expression *)elements->data[i];
	if (e)
	    e->toMangleBuffer(buf);
	else
	    buf->writeByte('v');	// 'v' for void
    }
}

/************************ TypeDotIdExp ************************************/

/* Things like:
 *	int.size
 *	foo.size
 *	(foo).size
 *	cast(foo).size
 */

Expression *typeDotIdExp(Loc loc, Type *type, Identifier *ident)
{
    return new DotIdExp(loc, new TypeExp(loc, type), ident);
}


/************************************************************/

// Mainly just a placeholder

TypeExp::TypeExp(Loc loc, Type *type)
    : Expression(loc, TOKtype, sizeof(TypeExp))
{
    //printf("TypeExp::TypeExp(%s)\n", type->toChars());
    this->type = type;
}

Expression *TypeExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    //printf("TypeExp::syntaxCopy()\n");
    return new TypeExp(loc, type->syntaxCopy());
}

Expression *TypeExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    //printf("TypeExp::semantic(%s)\n", type->toChars());
    type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
    return this;
}

void TypeExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    type->toCBuffer(buf, NULL, hgs);
}

/************************************************************/

// Mainly just a placeholder

ScopeExp::ScopeExp(Loc loc, ScopeDsymbol *pkg)
    : Expression(loc, TOKimport, sizeof(ScopeExp))
{
    //printf("ScopeExp::ScopeExp(pkg = '%s')\n", pkg->toChars());
    //static int count; if (++count == 38) *(char*)0=0;
    this->sds = pkg;
}

Expression *ScopeExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    ScopeExp *se = new ScopeExp(loc, (ScopeDsymbol *)sds->syntaxCopy(NULL));
    return se;
}

Expression *ScopeExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    TemplateInstance *ti;
    ScopeDsymbol *sds2;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("+ScopeExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
Lagain:
    ti = sds->isTemplateInstance();
    if (ti && !global.errors)
    {	Dsymbol *s;
	if (!ti->semanticdone)
	    ti->semantic(sc);
	s = ti->inst->toAlias();
	sds2 = s->isScopeDsymbol();
	if (!sds2)
	{   Expression *e;

	    //printf("s = %s, '%s'\n", s->kind(), s->toChars());
	    if (ti->withsym)
	    {
		// Same as wthis.s
		e = new VarExp(loc, ti->withsym->withstate->wthis);
		e = new DotVarExp(loc, e, s->isDeclaration());
	    }
	    else
		e = new DsymbolExp(loc, s);
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    //printf("-1ScopeExp::semantic()\n");
	    return e;
	}
	if (sds2 != sds)
	{
	    sds = sds2;
	    goto Lagain;
	}
	//printf("sds = %s, '%s'\n", sds->kind(), sds->toChars());
    }
    else
    {
	//printf("sds = %s, '%s'\n", sds->kind(), sds->toChars());
	//printf("\tparent = '%s'\n", sds->parent->toChars());
	sds->semantic(sc);
    }
    type = Type::tvoid;
    //printf("-2ScopeExp::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
    return this;
}

void ScopeExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (sds->isTemplateInstance())
    {
        sds->toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
    }
    else
    {
	buf->writestring(sds->kind());
	buf->writestring(" ");
	buf->writestring(sds->toChars());
    }
}

/********************** TemplateExp **************************************/

// Mainly just a placeholder

TemplateExp::TemplateExp(Loc loc, TemplateDeclaration *td)
    : Expression(loc, TOKtemplate, sizeof(TemplateExp))
{
    //printf("TemplateExp(): %s\n", td->toChars());
    this->td = td;
}

void TemplateExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring(td->toChars());
}

void TemplateExp::rvalue()
{
    error("template %s has no value", toChars());
}

/********************** NewExp **************************************/

/* thisexp.new(newargs) newtype(arguments) */

NewExp::NewExp(Loc loc, Expression *thisexp, Expressions *newargs,
	Type *newtype, Expressions *arguments)
    : Expression(loc, TOKnew, sizeof(NewExp))
{
    this->thisexp = thisexp;
    this->newargs = newargs;
    this->newtype = newtype;
    this->arguments = arguments;
    member = NULL;
    allocator = NULL;
    onstack = 0;
}

Expression *NewExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new NewExp(loc,
	thisexp ? thisexp->syntaxCopy() : NULL,
	arraySyntaxCopy(newargs),
	newtype->syntaxCopy(), arraySyntaxCopy(arguments));
}


Expression *NewExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   int i;
    Type *tb;
    ClassDeclaration *cdthis = NULL;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("NewExp::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
    if (thisexp)
	printf("\tthisexp = %s\n", thisexp->toChars());
    printf("\tnewtype: %s\n", newtype->toChars());
#endif
    if (type)			// if semantic() already run
	return this;

Lagain:
    if (thisexp)
    {	thisexp = thisexp->semantic(sc);
	cdthis = thisexp->type->isClassHandle();
	if (cdthis)
	{
	    sc = sc->push(cdthis);
	    type = newtype->semantic(loc, sc);
	    sc = sc->pop();
	}
	else
	{
	    error("'this' for nested class must be a class type, not %s", thisexp->type->toChars());
	    type = newtype->semantic(loc, sc);
	}
    }
    else
	type = newtype->semantic(loc, sc);
    newtype = type;		// in case type gets cast to something else
    tb = type->toBasetype();
    //printf("tb: %s, deco = %s\n", tb->toChars(), tb->deco);

    arrayExpressionSemantic(newargs, sc);
    preFunctionArguments(loc, sc, newargs);
    arrayExpressionSemantic(arguments, sc);
    preFunctionArguments(loc, sc, arguments);

    if (thisexp && tb->ty != Tclass)
	error("e.new is only for allocating nested classes, not %s", tb->toChars());

    if (tb->ty == Tclass)
    {	TypeFunction *tf;

	TypeClass *tc = (TypeClass *)(tb);
	ClassDeclaration *cd = tc->sym->isClassDeclaration();
	if (cd->isInterfaceDeclaration())
	    error("cannot create instance of interface %s", cd->toChars());
	else if (cd->isAbstract())
	{   error("cannot create instance of abstract class %s", cd->toChars());
	    for (int i = 0; i < cd->vtbl.dim; i++)
	    {	FuncDeclaration *fd = ((Dsymbol *)cd->vtbl.data[i])->isFuncDeclaration();
		if (fd && fd->isAbstract())
		    error("function %s is abstract", fd->toChars());
	    }
	}
	checkDeprecated(sc, cd);
	if (cd->isNested())
	{   /* We need a 'this' pointer for the nested class.
	     * Ensure we have the right one.
	     */
	    Dsymbol *s = cd->toParent2();
	    ClassDeclaration *cdn = s->isClassDeclaration();
	    FuncDeclaration *fdn = s->isFuncDeclaration();

	    //printf("cd isNested, cdn = %s\n", cdn ? cdn->toChars() : "null");
	    if (cdn)
	    {
		if (!cdthis)
		{
		    // Supply an implicit 'this' and try again
		    thisexp = new ThisExp(loc);
		    for (Dsymbol *sp = sc->parent; 1; sp = sp->parent)
		    {	if (!sp)
			{
			    error("outer class %s 'this' needed to 'new' nested class %s", cdn->toChars(), cd->toChars());
			    break;
			}
			ClassDeclaration *cdp = sp->isClassDeclaration();
			if (!cdp)
			    continue;
			if (cdp == cdn || cdn->isBaseOf(cdp, NULL))
			    break;
			// Add a '.outer' and try again
			thisexp = new DotIdExp(loc, thisexp, Id::outer);
		    }
		    if (!global.errors)
			goto Lagain;
		}
		if (cdthis)
		{
		    //printf("cdthis = %s\n", cdthis->toChars());
		    if (cdthis != cdn && !cdn->isBaseOf(cdthis, NULL))
			error("'this' for nested class must be of type %s, not %s", cdn->toChars(), thisexp->type->toChars());
		}
#if 0
		else
		{
		    for (Dsymbol *sf = sc->func; 1; sf= sf->toParent2()->isFuncDeclaration())
		    {
			if (!sf)
			{
			    error("outer class %s 'this' needed to 'new' nested class %s", cdn->toChars(), cd->toChars());
			    break;
			}
			printf("sf = %s\n", sf->toChars());
			AggregateDeclaration *ad = sf->isThis();
			if (ad && (ad == cdn || cdn->isBaseOf(ad->isClassDeclaration(), NULL)))
			    break;
		    }
		}
#endif
	    }
	    else if (fdn) // Possible problems here, no obvious solution when merging
	    {	/* The nested class cd is nested inside a function,
		 * we'll let getEthis() look for errors.
		 */
		//printf("nested class %s is nested inside function %s, we're in %s\n", cd->toChars(), fdn->toChars(), sc->func->toChars());
		if (thisexp)
		    // Because thisexp cannot be a function frame pointer
		    error("e.new is only for allocating nested classes");
	    }
	    else
		assert(0);
	}
	else if (thisexp)
	    error("e.new is only for allocating nested classes");

	FuncDeclaration *f = NULL;
	if (cd->ctor)
	    f = resolveFuncCall(sc, loc, cd->ctor, NULL, NULL, arguments, 0);
	if (f)
	{
	    checkDeprecated(sc, f);
	    member = f->isCtorDeclaration();
	    assert(member);

	    cd->accessCheck(loc, sc, member);

	    tf = (TypeFunction *)f->type;

	    if (!arguments)
		arguments = new Expressions();
	    functionArguments(loc, sc, tf, arguments);
	}
	else
	{
	    if (arguments && arguments->dim)
		error("no constructor for %s", cd->toChars());
	}

	if (cd->aggNew)
	{
	    // Prepend the size argument to newargs[]
	    Expression *e = new IntegerExp(loc, cd->size(loc), Type::tsize_t);
	    if (!newargs)
		newargs = new Expressions();
	    newargs->shift(e);

	    f = cd->aggNew->overloadResolve(loc, NULL, newargs);
	    allocator = f->isNewDeclaration();
	    assert(allocator);

	    tf = (TypeFunction *)f->type;
	    functionArguments(loc, sc, tf, newargs);
	}
	else
	{
	    if (newargs && newargs->dim)
		error("no allocator for %s", cd->toChars());
	}
    }
    else if (tb->ty == Tstruct)
    {
	TypeStruct *ts = (TypeStruct *)tb;
	StructDeclaration *sd = ts->sym;
	TypeFunction *tf;

	FuncDeclaration *f = NULL;
	if (sd->ctor)
	    f = resolveFuncCall(sc, loc, sd->ctor, NULL, NULL, arguments, 0);
	if (f)
	{
	    checkDeprecated(sc, f);
	    member = f->isCtorDeclaration();
	    assert(member);

	    sd->accessCheck(loc, sc, member);

	    tf = (TypeFunction *)f->type;
//	    type = tf->next;

	    if (!arguments)
		arguments = new Expressions();
	    functionArguments(loc, sc, tf, arguments);
	}
	else
	{
	    if (arguments && arguments->dim)
		error("no constructor for %s", sd->toChars());
	}


	if (sd->aggNew)
	{
	    // Prepend the uint size argument to newargs[]
	    Expression *e = new IntegerExp(loc, sd->size(loc), Type::tuns32);
	    if (!newargs)
		newargs = new Expressions();
	    newargs->shift(e);

	    f = sd->aggNew->overloadResolve(loc, NULL, newargs);
	    allocator = f->isNewDeclaration();
	    assert(allocator);

	    tf = (TypeFunction *)f->type;
	    functionArguments(loc, sc, tf, newargs);
#if 0
	    e = new VarExp(loc, f);
	    e = new CallExp(loc, e, newargs);
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    e->type = type->pointerTo();
	    return e;
#endif
	}
	else
	{
	    if (newargs && newargs->dim)
		error("no allocator for %s", sd->toChars());
	}

	type = type->pointerTo();
    }
    else if (tb->ty == Tarray && (arguments && arguments->dim))
    {
	for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments->dim; i++)
	{
	    if (tb->ty != Tarray)
	    {	error("too many arguments for array");
		arguments->dim = i;
		break;
	    }

	    Expression *arg = (Expression *)arguments->data[i];
	    arg = resolveProperties(sc, arg);
	    arg = arg->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
	    arg = arg->optimize(WANTvalue);
	    if (arg->op == TOKint64 && (long long)arg->toInteger() < 0)
		error("negative array index %s", arg->toChars());
	    arguments->data[i] = (void *) arg;
	    tb = ((TypeDArray *)tb)->next->toBasetype();
	}
    }
    else if (tb->isscalar())
    {
	if (arguments && arguments->dim)
	    error("no constructor for %s", type->toChars());

	type = type->pointerTo();
    }
    else
    {
	error("new can only create structs, dynamic arrays or class objects, not %s's", type->toChars());
	type = type->pointerTo();
    }

//printf("NewExp: '%s'\n", toChars());
//printf("NewExp:type '%s'\n", type->toChars());

    return this;
}

int NewExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    return 1;
}

#if DMDV2
int NewExp::canThrow()
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

void NewExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{   int i;

    if (thisexp)
    {	expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, thisexp, PREC_primary);
	buf->writeByte('.');
    }
    buf->writestring("new ");
    if (newargs && newargs->dim)
    {
	buf->writeByte('(');
	argsToCBuffer(buf, newargs, hgs);
	buf->writeByte(')');
    }
    newtype->toCBuffer(buf, NULL, hgs);
    if (arguments && arguments->dim)
    {
	buf->writeByte('(');
	argsToCBuffer(buf, arguments, hgs);
	buf->writeByte(')');
    }
}

/********************** NewAnonClassExp **************************************/

NewAnonClassExp::NewAnonClassExp(Loc loc, Expression *thisexp,
	Expressions *newargs, ClassDeclaration *cd, Expressions *arguments)
    : Expression(loc, TOKnewanonclass, sizeof(NewAnonClassExp))
{
    this->thisexp = thisexp;
    this->newargs = newargs;
    this->cd = cd;
    this->arguments = arguments;
}

Expression *NewAnonClassExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new NewAnonClassExp(loc,
	thisexp ? thisexp->syntaxCopy() : NULL,
	arraySyntaxCopy(newargs),
	(ClassDeclaration *)cd->syntaxCopy(NULL),
	arraySyntaxCopy(arguments));
}


Expression *NewAnonClassExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("NewAnonClassExp::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
    //printf("thisexp = %p\n", thisexp);
    //printf("type: %s\n", type->toChars());
#endif

    Expression *d = new DeclarationExp(loc, cd);
    d = d->semantic(sc);

    Expression *n = new NewExp(loc, thisexp, newargs, cd->type, arguments);

    Expression *c = new CommaExp(loc, d, n);
    return c->semantic(sc);
}

int NewAnonClassExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    return 1;
}

#if DMDV2
int NewAnonClassExp::canThrow()
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

void NewAnonClassExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{   int i;

    if (thisexp)
    {	expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, thisexp, PREC_primary);
	buf->writeByte('.');
    }
    buf->writestring("new");
    if (newargs && newargs->dim)
    {
	buf->writeByte('(');
	argsToCBuffer(buf, newargs, hgs);
	buf->writeByte(')');
    }
    buf->writestring(" class ");
    if (arguments && arguments->dim)
    {
	buf->writeByte('(');
	argsToCBuffer(buf, arguments, hgs);
	buf->writeByte(')');
    }
    //buf->writestring(" { }");
    if (cd)
    {
        cd->toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
    }
}

/********************** SymbolExp **************************************/

#if DMDV2
SymbolExp::SymbolExp(Loc loc, enum TOK op, int size, Declaration *var, int hasOverloads)
    : Expression(loc, op, size)
{
    assert(var);
    this->var = var;
    this->hasOverloads = hasOverloads;
}
#endif

/********************** SymOffExp **************************************/

SymOffExp::SymOffExp(Loc loc, Declaration *var, unsigned offset, int hasOverloads)
    : SymbolExp(loc, TOKsymoff, sizeof(SymOffExp), var, hasOverloads)
{
    this->offset = offset;
    m = NULL;
    VarDeclaration *v = var->isVarDeclaration();
    if (v && v->needThis())
	error("need 'this' for address of %s", v->toChars());
}

Expression *SymOffExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("SymOffExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    //var->semantic(sc);
    m = sc->module;
    if (!type)
	type = var->type->pointerTo();
    VarDeclaration *v = var->isVarDeclaration();
    if (v)
	v->checkNestedReference(sc, loc);
    return this;
}

int SymOffExp::isBool(int result)
{
    return result ? TRUE : FALSE;
}

void SymOffExp::checkEscape()
{
    VarDeclaration *v = var->isVarDeclaration();
    if (v)
    {
	if (!v->isDataseg())
	    error("escaping reference to local variable %s", v->toChars());
    }
}

void SymOffExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    if (offset)
	buf->printf("(& %s+%u)", var->toChars(), offset);
    else
	buf->printf("& %s", var->toChars());
}

/******************************** VarExp **************************/

VarExp::VarExp(Loc loc, Declaration *var, int hasOverloads)
    : SymbolExp(loc, TOKvar, sizeof(VarExp), var, hasOverloads)
{
    //printf("VarExp(this = %p, '%s', loc = %s)\n", this, var->toChars(), loc.toChars());
    //if (strcmp(var->ident->toChars(), "func") == 0) halt();
    this->type = var->type;
}

int VarExp::equals(Object *o)
{   VarExp *ne;

    if (this == o ||
	(((Expression *)o)->op == TOKvar &&
	 ((ne = (VarExp *)o), type->toHeadMutable()->equals(ne->type->toHeadMutable())) &&
	 var == ne->var))
	return 1;
    return 0;
}

Expression *VarExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   FuncLiteralDeclaration *fd;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("VarExp::semantic(%s)\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (!type)
    {	type = var->type;
#if 0
	if (var->storage_class & STClazy)
	{
	    TypeFunction *tf = new TypeFunction(NULL, type, 0, LINKd);
	    type = new TypeDelegate(tf);
	    type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
	}
#endif
    }
    /* Fix for 1161 doesn't work because it causes protection
     * problems when instantiating imported templates passing private
     * variables as alias template parameters.
     */
    //accessCheck(loc, sc, NULL, var);

    VarDeclaration *v = var->isVarDeclaration();
    if (v)
    {
#if 0
	if ((v->isConst() || v->isInvariant()) &&
	    type->toBasetype()->ty != Tsarray && v->init)
	{
	    ExpInitializer *ei = v->init->isExpInitializer();
	    if (ei)
	    {
		//ei->exp->implicitCastTo(sc, type)->print();
		return ei->exp->implicitCastTo(sc, type);
	    }
	}
#endif
	v->checkNestedReference(sc, loc);
#if DMDV2
#if 1
	if (sc->func)
	{
	    /* Determine if sc->func is pure or if any function that
	     * encloses it is also pure.
	     */
	    bool hasPureParent = false;
	    for (FuncDeclaration *outerfunc = sc->func; outerfunc;)
	    {
		if (outerfunc->isPure())
		{
		    hasPureParent = true;
		    break;
		}
		Dsymbol *parent = outerfunc->toParent2();
	        if (!parent)
		    break;
		outerfunc = parent->isFuncDeclaration();
	    }

	    /* If ANY of its enclosing functions are pure,
	     * it cannot do anything impure.
	     * If it is pure, it cannot access any mutable variables other
	     * than those inside itself
	     */
	    if (hasPureParent && !sc->intypeof && v->isDataseg() &&
		!v->isInvariant())
	    {
		error("pure function '%s' cannot access mutable static data '%s'",
		    sc->func->toChars(), v->toChars());
	    }
	    else if (sc->func->isPure() && sc->parent != v->parent &&
		!sc->intypeof && !v->isInvariant() &&
		!(v->storage_class & STCmanifest))
	    {
		error("pure nested function '%s' cannot access mutable data '%s'",
		    sc->func->toChars(), v->toChars());
		if (v->isEnumDeclaration())
		    error("enum");
	    }	
	}
#else
	if (sc->func && sc->func->isPure() && !sc->intypeof)
	{
	    if (v->isDataseg() && !v->isInvariant())
		error("pure function '%s' cannot access mutable static data '%s'", sc->func->toChars(), v->toChars());
	}
#endif
#endif
    }
#if 0
    else if ((fd = var->isFuncLiteralDeclaration()) != NULL)
    {	Expression *e;
	e = new FuncExp(loc, fd);
	e->type = type;
	return e;
    }
#endif
    return this;
}

char *VarExp::toChars()
{
    return var->toChars();
}

void VarExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring(var->toChars());
}

void VarExp::checkEscape()
{
    VarDeclaration *v = var->isVarDeclaration();
    if (v)
    {	Type *tb = v->type->toBasetype();
	// if reference type
	if (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray || tb->ty == Tclass)
	{
	    if ((v->isAuto() || v->isScope()) && !v->noauto)
		error("escaping reference to scope local %s", v->toChars());
	    else if (v->storage_class & STCvariadic)
		error("escaping reference to variadic parameter %s", v->toChars());
	}
    }
}

#if DMDV2
int VarExp::isLvalue()
{
    if (var->storage_class & STClazy)
	return 0;
    return 1;
}
#endif

Expression *VarExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
#if 0
    tym = tybasic(e1->ET->Tty);
    if (!(tyscalar(tym) ||
	  tym == TYstruct ||
	  tym == TYarray && e->Eoper == TOKaddr))
	    synerr(EM_lvalue);	// lvalue expected
#endif
    if (var->storage_class & STClazy)
	error("lazy variables cannot be lvalues");
    return this;
}

Expression *VarExp::modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    //printf("VarExp::modifiableLvalue('%s')\n", var->toChars());
    if (type && type->toBasetype()->ty == Tsarray)
	error("cannot change reference to static array '%s'", var->toChars());

    var->checkModify(loc, sc, type);

    // See if this expression is a modifiable lvalue (i.e. not const)
    return toLvalue(sc, e);
}


/******************************** OverExp **************************/

#if DMDV2
OverExp::OverExp(OverloadSet *s)
	: Expression(loc, TOKoverloadset, sizeof(OverExp))
{
    //printf("OverExp(this = %p, '%s')\n", this, var->toChars());
    vars = s;
    type = Type::tvoid;
}

int OverExp::isLvalue()
{
    return 1;
}

Expression *OverExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    return this;
}
#endif


/******************************** TupleExp **************************/

TupleExp::TupleExp(Loc loc, Expressions *exps)
	: Expression(loc, TOKtuple, sizeof(TupleExp))
{
    //printf("TupleExp(this = %p)\n", this);
    this->exps = exps;
    this->type = NULL;
}


TupleExp::TupleExp(Loc loc, TupleDeclaration *tup)
	: Expression(loc, TOKtuple, sizeof(TupleExp))
{
    exps = new Expressions();
    type = NULL;

    exps->reserve(tup->objects->dim);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < tup->objects->dim; i++)
    {   Object *o = (Object *)tup->objects->data[i];
	if (o->dyncast() == DYNCAST_EXPRESSION)
	{
	    Expression *e = (Expression *)o;
	    e = e->syntaxCopy();
	    exps->push(e);
	}
	else if (o->dyncast() == DYNCAST_DSYMBOL)
	{
	    Dsymbol *s = (Dsymbol *)o;
	    Expression *e = new DsymbolExp(loc, s);
	    exps->push(e);
	}
	else if (o->dyncast() == DYNCAST_TYPE)
	{
	    Type *t = (Type *)o;
	    Expression *e = new TypeExp(loc, t);
	    exps->push(e);
	}
	else
	{
	    error("%s is not an expression", o->toChars());
	}
    }
}

int TupleExp::equals(Object *o)
{   TupleExp *ne;

    if (this == o)
	return 1;
    if (((Expression *)o)->op == TOKtuple)
    {
	TupleExp *te = (TupleExp *)o;
	if (exps->dim != te->exps->dim)
	    return 0;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
	{   Expression *e1 = (Expression *)exps->data[i];
	    Expression *e2 = (Expression *)te->exps->data[i];

	    if (!e1->equals(e2))
		return 0;
	}
	return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

Expression *TupleExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new TupleExp(loc, arraySyntaxCopy(exps));
}

Expression *TupleExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("+TupleExp::semantic(%s)\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
	return this;

    // Run semantic() on each argument
    for (size_t i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
    {	Expression *e = (Expression *)exps->data[i];

	e = e->semantic(sc);
	if (!e->type)
	{   error("%s has no value", e->toChars());
	    e->type = Type::terror;
	}
	exps->data[i] = (void *)e;
    }

    expandTuples(exps);
    if (0 && exps->dim == 1)
    {
	return (Expression *)exps->data[0];
    }
    type = new TypeTuple(exps);
    //printf("-TupleExp::semantic(%s)\n", toChars());
    return this;
}

void TupleExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("tuple(");
    argsToCBuffer(buf, exps, hgs);
    buf->writeByte(')');
}

int TupleExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{   int f = 0;

    for (int i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
    {	Expression *e = (Expression *)exps->data[i];

	f |= e->checkSideEffect(2);
    }
    if (flag == 0 && f == 0)
	Expression::checkSideEffect(0);
    return f;
}

#if DMDV2
int TupleExp::canThrow()
{
    return arrayExpressionCanThrow(exps);
}
#endif

void TupleExp::checkEscape()
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
    {   Expression *e = (Expression *)exps->data[i];
	e->checkEscape();
    }
}

/******************************** FuncExp *********************************/

FuncExp::FuncExp(Loc loc, FuncLiteralDeclaration *fd)
	: Expression(loc, TOKfunction, sizeof(FuncExp))
{
    this->fd = fd;
}

Expression *FuncExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new FuncExp(loc, (FuncLiteralDeclaration *)fd->syntaxCopy(NULL));
}

Expression *FuncExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("FuncExp::semantic(%s)\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (!type)
    {
	fd->semantic(sc);
	//fd->parent = sc->parent;
	if (global.errors)
	{
	}
	else
	{
	    fd->semantic2(sc);
	    if (!global.errors)
	    {
		fd->semantic3(sc);

		if (!global.errors && global.params.useInline)
		    fd->inlineScan();
	    }
	}

	// Type is a "delegate to" or "pointer to" the function literal
	if (fd->isNested())
	{
	    type = new TypeDelegate(fd->type);
	    type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
	}
	else
	{
	    type = fd->type->pointerTo();
	}
	fd->tookAddressOf++;
    }
    return this;
}

char *FuncExp::toChars()
{
    return fd->toChars();
}

void FuncExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    fd->toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
    //buf->writestring(fd->toChars());
}


/******************************** DeclarationExp **************************/

DeclarationExp::DeclarationExp(Loc loc, Dsymbol *declaration)
	: Expression(loc, TOKdeclaration, sizeof(DeclarationExp))
{
    this->declaration = declaration;
}

Expression *DeclarationExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new DeclarationExp(loc, declaration->syntaxCopy(NULL));
}

Expression *DeclarationExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    if (type)
	return this;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("DeclarationExp::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
#endif

    /* This is here to support extern(linkage) declaration,
     * where the extern(linkage) winds up being an AttribDeclaration
     * wrapper.
     */
    Dsymbol *s = declaration;

    AttribDeclaration *ad = declaration->isAttribDeclaration();
    if (ad)
    {
	if (ad->decl && ad->decl->dim == 1)
	    s = (Dsymbol *)ad->decl->data[0];
    }

    if (s->isVarDeclaration())
    {	// Do semantic() on initializer first, so:
	//	int a = a;
	// will be illegal.
	declaration->semantic(sc);
	s->parent = sc->parent;
    }

    //printf("inserting '%s' %p into sc = %p\n", s->toChars(), s, sc);
    // Insert into both local scope and function scope.
    // Must be unique in both.
    if (s->ident)
    {
	if (!sc->insert(s))
	    error("declaration %s is already defined", s->toPrettyChars());
	else if (sc->func)
	{   VarDeclaration *v = s->isVarDeclaration();
	    if (s->isFuncDeclaration() &&
		!sc->func->localsymtab->insert(s))
		error("declaration %s is already defined in another scope in %s", s->toPrettyChars(), sc->func->toChars());
	    else if (!global.params.useDeprecated)
	    {	// Disallow shadowing

		for (Scope *scx = sc->enclosing; scx && scx->func == sc->func; scx = scx->enclosing)
		{   Dsymbol *s2;

		    if (scx->scopesym && scx->scopesym->symtab &&
			(s2 = scx->scopesym->symtab->lookup(s->ident)) != NULL &&
			s != s2)
		    {
			error("shadowing declaration %s is deprecated", s->toPrettyChars());
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    if (!s->isVarDeclaration())
    {
	declaration->semantic(sc);
	s->parent = sc->parent;
    }
    if (!global.errors)
    {
	declaration->semantic2(sc);
	if (!global.errors)
	{
	    declaration->semantic3(sc);

	    if (!global.errors && global.params.useInline)
		declaration->inlineScan();
	}
    }

    type = Type::tvoid;
    return this;
}

int DeclarationExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    return 1;
}

#if DMDV2
int DeclarationExp::canThrow()
{
    VarDeclaration *v = declaration->isVarDeclaration();
    if (v && v->init)
    {	ExpInitializer *ie = v->init->isExpInitializer();
	return ie && ie->exp->canThrow();
    }
    return 0;
}
#endif

void DeclarationExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    declaration->toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}


/************************ TypeidExp ************************************/

/*
 *	typeid(int)
 */

TypeidExp::TypeidExp(Loc loc, Type *typeidType)
    : Expression(loc, TOKtypeid, sizeof(TypeidExp))
{
    this->typeidType = typeidType;
}


Expression *TypeidExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new TypeidExp(loc, typeidType->syntaxCopy());
}


Expression *TypeidExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("TypeidExp::semantic()\n");
#endif
    typeidType = typeidType->semantic(loc, sc);
    e = typeidType->getTypeInfo(sc);
    if (e->loc.linnum == 0)
	e->loc = loc;		// so there's at least some line number info
    return e;
}

void TypeidExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("typeid(");
    typeidType->toCBuffer(buf, NULL, hgs);
    buf->writeByte(')');
}

/************************ TraitsExp ************************************/
#if DMDV2
/*
 *	__traits(identifier, args...)
 */

TraitsExp::TraitsExp(Loc loc, Identifier *ident, Objects *args)
    : Expression(loc, TOKtraits, sizeof(TraitsExp))
{
    this->ident = ident;
    this->args = args;
}


Expression *TraitsExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new TraitsExp(loc, ident, TemplateInstance::arraySyntaxCopy(args));
}


void TraitsExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("__traits(");
    buf->writestring(ident->toChars());
    if (args)
    {
	for (int i = 0; i < args->dim; i++)
	{
	    buf->writeByte(',');
	    Object *oarg = (Object *)args->data[i];
	    ObjectToCBuffer(buf, hgs, oarg);
	}
    }
    buf->writeByte(')');
}
#endif

/************************************************************/

HaltExp::HaltExp(Loc loc)
	: Expression(loc, TOKhalt, sizeof(HaltExp))
{
}

Expression *HaltExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("HaltExp::semantic()\n");
#endif
    type = Type::tvoid;
    return this;
}

int HaltExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    return 1;
}

void HaltExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("halt");
}

/************************************************************/

IsExp::IsExp(Loc loc, Type *targ, Identifier *id, enum TOK tok,
	Type *tspec, enum TOK tok2, TemplateParameters *parameters)
	: Expression(loc, TOKis, sizeof(IsExp))
{
    this->targ = targ;
    this->id = id;
    this->tok = tok;
    this->tspec = tspec;
    this->tok2 = tok2;
    this->parameters = parameters;
}

Expression *IsExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    // This section is identical to that in TemplateDeclaration::syntaxCopy()
    TemplateParameters *p = NULL;
    if (parameters)
    {
	p = new TemplateParameters();
	p->setDim(parameters->dim);
	for (int i = 0; i < p->dim; i++)
	{   TemplateParameter *tp = (TemplateParameter *)parameters->data[i];
	    p->data[i] = (void *)tp->syntaxCopy();
	}
    }

    return new IsExp(loc,
	targ->syntaxCopy(),
	id,
	tok,
	tspec ? tspec->syntaxCopy() : NULL,
	tok2,
	p);
}

Expression *IsExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Type *tded;

    /* is(targ id tok tspec)
     * is(targ id == tok2)
     */

    //printf("IsExp::semantic(%s)\n", toChars());
    if (id && !(sc->flags & SCOPEstaticif))
	error("can only declare type aliases within static if conditionals");

    Type *t = targ->trySemantic(loc, sc);
    if (!t)
	goto Lno;			// errors, so condition is false
    targ = t;
    if (tok2 != TOKreserved)
    {
	switch (tok2)
	{
	    case TOKtypedef:
		if (targ->ty != Ttypedef)
		    goto Lno;
		tded = ((TypeTypedef *)targ)->sym->basetype;
		break;

	    case TOKstruct:
		if (targ->ty != Tstruct)
		    goto Lno;
		if (((TypeStruct *)targ)->sym->isUnionDeclaration())
		    goto Lno;
		tded = targ;
		break;

	    case TOKunion:
		if (targ->ty != Tstruct)
		    goto Lno;
		if (!((TypeStruct *)targ)->sym->isUnionDeclaration())
		    goto Lno;
		tded = targ;
		break;

	    case TOKclass:
		if (targ->ty != Tclass)
		    goto Lno;
		if (((TypeClass *)targ)->sym->isInterfaceDeclaration())
		    goto Lno;
		tded = targ;
		break;

	    case TOKinterface:
		if (targ->ty != Tclass)
		    goto Lno;
		if (!((TypeClass *)targ)->sym->isInterfaceDeclaration())
		    goto Lno;
		tded = targ;
		break;
#if DMDV2
	    case TOKconst:
		if (!targ->isConst())
		    goto Lno;
		tded = targ;
		break;

	    case TOKinvariant:
	    case TOKimmutable:
		if (!targ->isInvariant())
		    goto Lno;
		tded = targ;
		break;
#endif

	    case TOKsuper:
		// If class or interface, get the base class and interfaces
		if (targ->ty != Tclass)
		    goto Lno;
		else
		{   ClassDeclaration *cd = ((TypeClass *)targ)->sym;
		    Arguments *args = new Arguments;
		    args->reserve(cd->baseclasses.dim);
		    for (size_t i = 0; i < cd->baseclasses.dim; i++)
		    {	BaseClass *b = (BaseClass *)cd->baseclasses.data[i];
			args->push(new Argument(STCin, b->type, NULL, NULL));
		    }
		    tded = new TypeTuple(args);
		}
		break;

	    case TOKenum:
		if (targ->ty != Tenum)
		    goto Lno;
		tded = ((TypeEnum *)targ)->sym->memtype;
		break;

	    case TOKdelegate:
		if (targ->ty != Tdelegate)
		    goto Lno;
		tded = ((TypeDelegate *)targ)->next;	// the underlying function type
		break;

	    case TOKfunction:
	    {
		if (targ->ty != Tfunction)
		    goto Lno;
		tded = targ;

		/* Generate tuple from function parameter types.
		 */
		assert(tded->ty == Tfunction);
		Arguments *params = ((TypeFunction *)tded)->parameters;
		size_t dim = Argument::dim(params);
		Arguments *args = new Arguments;
		args->reserve(dim);
		for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; i++)
		{   Argument *arg = Argument::getNth(params, i);
		    assert(arg && arg->type);
		    args->push(new Argument(arg->storageClass, arg->type, NULL, NULL));
		}
		tded = new TypeTuple(args);
		break;
	    }
	    case TOKreturn:
		/* Get the 'return type' for the function,
		 * delegate, or pointer to function.
		 */
		if (targ->ty == Tfunction)
		    tded = ((TypeFunction *)targ)->next;
		else if (targ->ty == Tdelegate)
		{   tded = ((TypeDelegate *)targ)->next;
		    tded = ((TypeFunction *)tded)->next;
		}
		else if (targ->ty == Tpointer &&
			 ((TypePointer *)targ)->next->ty == Tfunction)
		{   tded = ((TypePointer *)targ)->next;
		    tded = ((TypeFunction *)tded)->next;
		}
		else
		    goto Lno;
		break;

	    default:
		assert(0);
	}
	goto Lyes;
    }
    else if (id && tspec)
    {
	/* Evaluate to TRUE if targ matches tspec.
	 * If TRUE, declare id as an alias for the specialized type.
	 */

	MATCH m;
	assert(parameters && parameters->dim);

	Objects dedtypes;
	dedtypes.setDim(parameters->dim);
	dedtypes.zero();

	m = targ->deduceType(NULL, tspec, parameters, &dedtypes);
	if (m == MATCHnomatch ||
	    (m != MATCHexact && tok == TOKequal))
	{
	    goto Lno;
	}
	else
	{
	    tded = (Type *)dedtypes.data[0];
	    if (!tded)
		tded = targ;

	    Objects tiargs;
	    tiargs.setDim(1);
	    tiargs.data[0] = (void *)targ;

	    /* Declare trailing parameters
	     */
	    for (int i = 1; i < parameters->dim; i++)
	    {	TemplateParameter *tp = (TemplateParameter *)parameters->data[i];
		Declaration *s = NULL;

		m = tp->matchArg(sc, &tiargs, i, parameters, &dedtypes, &s);
		if (m == MATCHnomatch)
		    goto Lno;
		s->semantic(sc);
		if (!sc->insert(s))
		    error("declaration %s is already defined", s->toChars());
#if 0
		Object *o = (Object *)dedtypes.data[i];
		Dsymbol *s = TemplateDeclaration::declareParameter(loc, sc, tp, o);
#endif
		if (sc->sd)
		    s->addMember(sc, sc->sd, 1);
	    }

	    goto Lyes;
	}
    }
    else if (id)
    {
	/* Declare id as an alias for type targ. Evaluate to TRUE
	 */
	tded = targ;
	goto Lyes;
    }
    else if (tspec)
    {
	/* Evaluate to TRUE if targ matches tspec
	 * is(targ == tspec)
	 * is(targ : tspec)
	 */
	tspec = tspec->semantic(loc, sc);
	//printf("targ  = %s\n", targ->toChars());
	//printf("tspec = %s\n", tspec->toChars());
	if (tok == TOKcolon)
	{   if (targ->implicitConvTo(tspec))
		goto Lyes;
	    else
		goto Lno;
	}
	else /* == */
	{   if (targ->equals(tspec))
		goto Lyes;
	    else
		goto Lno;
	}
    }

Lyes:
    if (id)
    {
	Dsymbol *s = new AliasDeclaration(loc, id, tded);
	s->semantic(sc);
	if (!sc->insert(s))
	    error("declaration %s is already defined", s->toChars());
	if (sc->sd)
	    s->addMember(sc, sc->sd, 1);
    }
//printf("Lyes\n");
    return new IntegerExp(loc, 1, Type::tbool);

Lno:
//printf("Lno\n");
    return new IntegerExp(loc, 0, Type::tbool);
}

void IsExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("is(");
    targ->toCBuffer(buf, id, hgs);
    if (tok2 != TOKreserved)
    {
	buf->printf(" %s %s", Token::toChars(tok), Token::toChars(tok2));
    }
    else if (tspec)
    {
	if (tok == TOKcolon)
	    buf->writestring(" : ");
	else
	    buf->writestring(" == ");
	tspec->toCBuffer(buf, NULL, hgs);
    }
#if DMDV2
    if (parameters)
    {	// First parameter is already output, so start with second
	for (int i = 1; i < parameters->dim; i++)
	{
	    buf->writeByte(',');
	    TemplateParameter *tp = (TemplateParameter *)parameters->data[i];
	    tp->toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
	}
    }
#endif
    buf->writeByte(')');
}


/************************************************************/

UnaExp::UnaExp(Loc loc, enum TOK op, int size, Expression *e1)
	: Expression(loc, op, size)
{
    this->e1 = e1;
}

Expression *UnaExp::syntaxCopy()
{   UnaExp *e;

    e = (UnaExp *)copy();
    e->type = NULL;
    e->e1 = e->e1->syntaxCopy();
    return e;
}

Expression *UnaExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("UnaExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
//    if (!e1->type)
//	error("%s has no value", e1->toChars());
    return this;
}

#if DMDV2
int UnaExp::canThrow()
{
    return e1->canThrow();
}
#endif

void UnaExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring(Token::toChars(op));
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, precedence[op]);
}

/************************************************************/

BinExp::BinExp(Loc loc, enum TOK op, int size, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: Expression(loc, op, size)
{
    this->e1 = e1;
    this->e2 = e2;
}

Expression *BinExp::syntaxCopy()
{   BinExp *e;

    e = (BinExp *)copy();
    e->type = NULL;
    e->e1 = e->e1->syntaxCopy();
    e->e2 = e->e2->syntaxCopy();
    return e;
}

Expression *BinExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("BinExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
    if (!e1->type &&
	!(op == TOKassign && e1->op == TOKdottd))	// a.template = e2
    {
	error("%s has no value", e1->toChars());
	e1->type = Type::terror;
    }
    e2 = e2->semantic(sc);
    if (!e2->type)
    {
	error("%s has no value", e2->toChars());
	e2->type = Type::terror;
    }
    return this;
}

Expression *BinExp::semanticp(Scope *sc)
{
    BinExp::semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);
    return this;
}

/***************************
 * Common semantic routine for some xxxAssignExp's.
 */

Expression *BinExp::commonSemanticAssign(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (!type)
    {
	BinExp::semantic(sc);
	e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;

	if (e1->op == TOKslice)
	{   // T[] op= ...
	    typeCombine(sc);
	    type = e1->type;
	    return arrayOp(sc);
	}

	e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
	e1->checkScalar();
	type = e1->type;
	if (type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool)
	{
	    error("operator not allowed on bool expression %s", toChars());
	}
	typeCombine(sc);
	e1->checkArithmetic();
	e2->checkArithmetic();

	if (op == TOKmodass && e2->type->iscomplex())
	{   error("cannot perform modulo complex arithmetic");
	    return new ErrorExp();
	}
    }
    return this;
}

Expression *BinExp::commonSemanticAssignIntegral(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (!type)
    {
	BinExp::semantic(sc);
	e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;

	if (e1->op == TOKslice)
	{   // T[] op= ...
	    typeCombine(sc);
	    type = e1->type;
	    return arrayOp(sc);
	}

	e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
	e1->checkScalar();
	type = e1->type;
	if (type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool)
	{
	    e2 = e2->implicitCastTo(sc, type);
	}

	typeCombine(sc);
	e1->checkIntegral();
	e2->checkIntegral();
    }
    return this;
}

int BinExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    if (op == TOKplusplus ||
	   op == TOKminusminus ||
	   op == TOKassign ||
	   op == TOKconstruct ||
	   op == TOKblit ||
	   op == TOKaddass ||
	   op == TOKminass ||
	   op == TOKcatass ||
	   op == TOKmulass ||
	   op == TOKdivass ||
	   op == TOKmodass ||
	   op == TOKshlass ||
	   op == TOKshrass ||
	   op == TOKushrass ||
	   op == TOKandass ||
	   op == TOKorass ||
	   op == TOKxorass ||
	   op == TOKin ||
	   op == TOKremove)
	return 1;
    return Expression::checkSideEffect(flag);
}

void BinExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, precedence[op]);
    buf->writeByte(' ');
    buf->writestring(Token::toChars(op));
    buf->writeByte(' ');
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e2, (enum PREC)(precedence[op] + 1));
}

int BinExp::isunsigned()
{
    return e1->type->isunsigned() || e2->type->isunsigned();
}

#if DMDV2
int BinExp::canThrow()
{
    return e1->canThrow() || e2->canThrow();
}
#endif

void BinExp::incompatibleTypes()
{
    error("incompatible types for ((%s) %s (%s)): '%s' and '%s'",
         e1->toChars(), Token::toChars(op), e2->toChars(),
         e1->type->toChars(), e2->type->toChars());
}

/************************************************************/

CompileExp::CompileExp(Loc loc, Expression *e)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKmixin, sizeof(CompileExp), e)
{
}

Expression *CompileExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("CompileExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    UnaExp::semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    e1 = e1->optimize(WANTvalue | WANTinterpret);
    if (e1->op != TOKstring)
    {	error("argument to mixin must be a string, not (%s)", e1->toChars());
	type = Type::terror;
	return this;
    }
    StringExp *se = (StringExp *)e1;
    se = se->toUTF8(sc);
    Parser p(sc->module, (unsigned char *)se->string, se->len, 0);
    p.loc = loc;
    p.nextToken();
    //printf("p.loc.linnum = %d\n", p.loc.linnum);
    Expression *e = p.parseExpression();
    if (p.token.value != TOKeof)
	error("incomplete mixin expression (%s)", se->toChars());
    return e->semantic(sc);
}

void CompileExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("mixin(");
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_assign);
    buf->writeByte(')');
}

/************************************************************/

FileExp::FileExp(Loc loc, Expression *e)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKmixin, sizeof(FileExp), e)
{
}

Expression *FileExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   char *name;
    StringExp *se;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("FileExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    UnaExp::semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    e1 = e1->optimize(WANTvalue);
    if (e1->op != TOKstring)
    {	error("file name argument must be a string, not (%s)", e1->toChars());
	goto Lerror;
    }
    se = (StringExp *)e1;
    se = se->toUTF8(sc);
    name = (char *)se->string;

    if (!global.params.fileImppath)
    {	error("need -Jpath switch to import text file %s", name);
	goto Lerror;
    }

    if (name != FileName::name(name))
    {	error("use -Jpath switch to provide path for filename %s", name);
	goto Lerror;
    }

    name = FileName::searchPath(global.filePath, name, 0);
    if (!name)
    {	error("file %s cannot be found, check -Jpath", se->toChars());
	goto Lerror;
    }

    if (global.params.verbose)
	printf("file      %s\t(%s)\n", (char*)se->string, name);

    {	File f(name);
	if (f.read())
	{   error("cannot read file %s", f.toChars());
	    goto Lerror;
	}
	else
	{
	    f.ref = 1;
	    se = new StringExp(loc, f.buffer, f.len);
	}
    }
  Lret:
    return se->semantic(sc);

  Lerror:
    se = new StringExp(loc, (char *)"");
    goto Lret;
}

void FileExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("import(");
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_assign);
    buf->writeByte(')');
}

/************************************************************/

AssertExp::AssertExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Expression *msg)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKassert, sizeof(AssertExp), e)
{
    this->msg = msg;
}

Expression *AssertExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    AssertExp *ae = new AssertExp(loc, e1->syntaxCopy(),
				       msg ? msg->syntaxCopy() : NULL);
    return ae;
}

Expression *AssertExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("AssertExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    UnaExp::semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    // BUG: see if we can do compile time elimination of the Assert
    e1 = e1->optimize(WANTvalue);
    e1 = e1->checkToBoolean();
    if (msg)
    {
	msg = msg->semantic(sc);
	msg = resolveProperties(sc, msg);
	msg = msg->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tchar->constOf()->arrayOf());
	msg = msg->optimize(WANTvalue);
    }
    if (e1->isBool(FALSE))
    {
	FuncDeclaration *fd = sc->parent->isFuncDeclaration();
	fd->hasReturnExp |= 4;

	if (!global.params.useAssert)
	{   Expression *e = new HaltExp(loc);
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    return e;
	}
    }
    type = Type::tvoid;
    return this;
}

int AssertExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    return 1;
}

#if DMDV2
int AssertExp::canThrow()
{
    /* assert()s are non-recoverable errors, so functions that
     * use them can be considered "nothrow"
     */
    return 0; //(global.params.useAssert != 0);
}
#endif

void AssertExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("assert(");
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_assign);
    if (msg)
    {
	buf->writeByte(',');
	expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, msg, PREC_assign);
    }
    buf->writeByte(')');
}

/************************************************************/

DotIdExp::DotIdExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Identifier *ident)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKdot, sizeof(DotIdExp), e)
{
    this->ident = ident;
}

Expression *DotIdExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;
    Expression *eleft;
    Expression *eright;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("DotIdExp::semantic(this = %p, '%s')\n", this, toChars());
    //printf("e1->op = %d, '%s'\n", e1->op, Token::toChars(e1->op));
#endif

//{ static int z; fflush(stdout); if (++z == 10) *(char*)0=0; }

#if 0
    /* Don't do semantic analysis if we'll be converting
     * it to a string.
     */
    if (ident == Id::stringof)
    {	char *s = e1->toChars();
	e = new StringExp(loc, s, strlen(s), 'c');
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	return e;
    }
#endif

    /* Special case: rewrite this.id and super.id
     * to be classtype.id and baseclasstype.id
     * if we have no this pointer.
     */
    if ((e1->op == TOKthis || e1->op == TOKsuper) && !hasThis(sc))
    {	ClassDeclaration *cd;
	StructDeclaration *sd;
	AggregateDeclaration *ad;

	ad = sc->getStructClassScope();
	if (ad)
	{
	    cd = ad->isClassDeclaration();
	    if (cd)
	    {
		if (e1->op == TOKthis)
		{
		    e = typeDotIdExp(loc, cd->type, ident);
		    return e->semantic(sc);
		}
		else if (cd->baseClass && e1->op == TOKsuper)
		{
		    e = typeDotIdExp(loc, cd->baseClass->type, ident);
		    return e->semantic(sc);
		}
	    }
	    else
	    {
		sd = ad->isStructDeclaration();
		if (sd)
		{
		    if (e1->op == TOKthis)
		    {
			e = typeDotIdExp(loc, sd->type, ident);
			return e->semantic(sc);
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
    }

    UnaExp::semantic(sc);

    if (e1->op == TOKdotexp)
    {
	DotExp *de = (DotExp *)e1;
	eleft = de->e1;
	eright = de->e2;
    }
    else
    {
	e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
	eleft = NULL;
	eright = e1;
    }
#if DMDV2
    if (e1->op == TOKtuple && ident == Id::offsetof)
    {	/* 'distribute' the .offsetof to each of the tuple elements.
	 */
	TupleExp *te = (TupleExp *)e1;
	Expressions *exps = new Expressions();
	exps->setDim(te->exps->dim);
	for (int i = 0; i < exps->dim; i++)
	{   Expression *e = (Expression *)te->exps->data[i];
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    e = new DotIdExp(e->loc, e, Id::offsetof);
	    exps->data[i] = (void *)e;
	}
	e = new TupleExp(loc, exps);
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	return e;
    }
#endif

    if (e1->op == TOKtuple && ident == Id::length)
    {
	TupleExp *te = (TupleExp *)e1;
	e = new IntegerExp(loc, te->exps->dim, Type::tsize_t);
	return e;
    }

    if (e1->op == TOKdottd)
    {
	error("template %s does not have property %s", e1->toChars(), ident->toChars());
	return e1;
    }

    if (!e1->type)
    {
	error("expression %s does not have property %s", e1->toChars(), ident->toChars());
	return e1;
    }

    Type *t1b = e1->type->toBasetype();

    if (eright->op == TOKimport)	// also used for template alias's
    {
	ScopeExp *ie = (ScopeExp *)eright;

	/* Disable access to another module's private imports.
	 * The check for 'is sds our current module' is because
	 * the current module should have access to its own imports.
	 */
	Dsymbol *s = ie->sds->search(loc, ident,
	    (ie->sds->isModule() && ie->sds != sc->module) ? 1 : 0);
	if (s)
	{
	    s = s->toAlias();
	    checkDeprecated(sc, s);

	    EnumMember *em = s->isEnumMember();
	    if (em)
	    {
		e = em->value;
		e = e->semantic(sc);
		return e;
	    }

	    VarDeclaration *v = s->isVarDeclaration();
	    if (v)
	    {
		//printf("DotIdExp:: Identifier '%s' is a variable, type '%s'\n", toChars(), v->type->toChars());
		if (v->inuse)
		{
		    error("circular reference to '%s'", v->toChars());
		    type = Type::tint32;
		    return this;
		}
		type = v->type;
		if (v->needThis())
		{
		    if (!eleft)
			eleft = new ThisExp(loc);
		    e = new DotVarExp(loc, eleft, v);
		    e = e->semantic(sc);
		}
		else
		{
		    e = new VarExp(loc, v);
		    if (eleft)
		    {	e = new CommaExp(loc, eleft, e);
			e->type = v->type;
		    }
		}
		return e->deref();
	    }

	    FuncDeclaration *f = s->isFuncDeclaration();
	    if (f)
	    {
		//printf("it's a function\n");
		if (f->needThis())
		{
		    if (!eleft)
			eleft = new ThisExp(loc);
		    e = new DotVarExp(loc, eleft, f);
		    e = e->semantic(sc);
		}
		else
		{
		    e = new VarExp(loc, f, 1);
		    if (eleft)
		    {	e = new CommaExp(loc, eleft, e);
			e->type = f->type;
		    }
		}
		return e;
	    }
#if DMDV2
	    OverloadSet *o = s->isOverloadSet();
	    if (o)
	    {   //printf("'%s' is an overload set\n", o->toChars());
		return new OverExp(o);
	    }
#endif

	    Type *t = s->getType();
	    if (t)
	    {
		return new TypeExp(loc, t);
	    }

	    TupleDeclaration *tup = s->isTupleDeclaration();
	    if (tup)
	    {
		if (eleft)
		    error("cannot have e.tuple");
		e = new TupleExp(loc, tup);
		e = e->semantic(sc);
		return e;
	    }

	    ScopeDsymbol *sds = s->isScopeDsymbol();
	    if (sds)
	    {
		//printf("it's a ScopeDsymbol\n");
		e = new ScopeExp(loc, sds);
		e = e->semantic(sc);
		if (eleft)
		    e = new DotExp(loc, eleft, e);
		return e;
	    }

	    Import *imp = s->isImport();
	    if (imp)
	    {
		ScopeExp *ie;

		ie = new ScopeExp(loc, imp->pkg);
		return ie->semantic(sc);
	    }

	    // BUG: handle other cases like in IdentifierExp::semantic()
#ifdef DEBUG
	    printf("s = '%s', kind = '%s'\n", s->toChars(), s->kind());
#endif
	    assert(0);
	}
	else if (ident == Id::stringof)
	{   char *s = ie->toChars();
	    e = new StringExp(loc, s, strlen(s), 'c');
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    return e;
	}
	error("undefined identifier %s", toChars());
	type = Type::tvoid;
	return this;
    }
    else if (t1b->ty == Tpointer &&
	     ident != Id::init && ident != Id::__sizeof &&
	     ident != Id::alignof && ident != Id::offsetof &&
	     ident != Id::mangleof && ident != Id::stringof)
    {	/* Rewrite:
         *   p.ident
         * as:
         *   (*p).ident
         */
	e = new PtrExp(loc, e1);
	e->type = ((TypePointer *)t1b)->next;
	return e->type->dotExp(sc, e, ident);
    }
#if DMDV2
    else if (t1b->ty == Tarray ||
             t1b->ty == Tsarray ||
	     t1b->ty == Taarray)
    {	/* If ident is not a valid property, rewrite:
	 *   e1.ident
         * as:
         *   .ident(e1)
         */
	unsigned errors = global.errors;
	global.gag++;
	e = e1->type->dotExp(sc, e1, ident);
	global.gag--;
	if (errors != global.errors)	// if failed to find the property
	{
	    global.errors = errors;
	    e = new DotIdExp(loc, new IdentifierExp(loc, Id::empty), ident);
	    e = new CallExp(loc, e, e1);
	}
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	return e;
    }
#endif
    else
    {
	e = e1->type->dotExp(sc, e1, ident);
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	return e;
    }
}

void DotIdExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    //printf("DotIdExp::toCBuffer()\n");
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_primary);
    buf->writeByte('.');
    buf->writestring(ident->toChars());
}

/********************** DotTemplateExp ***********************************/

// Mainly just a placeholder

DotTemplateExp::DotTemplateExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, TemplateDeclaration *td)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKdottd, sizeof(DotTemplateExp), e)
  
{
    this->td = td;
}

void DotTemplateExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_primary);
    buf->writeByte('.');
    buf->writestring(td->toChars());
}


/************************************************************/

DotVarExp::DotVarExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Declaration *v, int hasOverloads)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKdotvar, sizeof(DotVarExp), e)
{
    //printf("DotVarExp()\n");
    this->var = v;
    this->hasOverloads = hasOverloads;
}

Expression *DotVarExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("DotVarExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (!type)
    {
	var = var->toAlias()->isDeclaration();

	TupleDeclaration *tup = var->isTupleDeclaration();
	if (tup)
	{   /* Replace:
	     *	e1.tuple(a, b, c)
	     * with:
	     *	tuple(e1.a, e1.b, e1.c)
	     */
	    Expressions *exps = new Expressions;

	    exps->reserve(tup->objects->dim);
	    for (size_t i = 0; i < tup->objects->dim; i++)
	    {   Object *o = (Object *)tup->objects->data[i];
		if (o->dyncast() != DYNCAST_EXPRESSION)
		{
		    error("%s is not an expression", o->toChars());
		}
		else
		{
		    Expression *e = (Expression *)o;
		    if (e->op != TOKdsymbol)
			error("%s is not a member", e->toChars());
		    else
		    {	DsymbolExp *ve = (DsymbolExp *)e;

			e = new DotVarExp(loc, e1, ve->s->isDeclaration());
			exps->push(e);
		    }
		}
	    }
	    Expression *e = new TupleExp(loc, exps);
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    return e;
	}

	e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
	type = var->type;
	if (!type && global.errors)
	{   // var is goofed up, just return 0
	    return new ErrorExp();
	}
	assert(type);

	if (!var->isFuncDeclaration())	// for functions, do checks after overload resolution
	{
	    Type *t1 = e1->type;
	    if (t1->ty == Tpointer)
		t1 = t1->nextOf();

	    type = type->addMod(t1->mod);

	    Dsymbol *vparent = var->toParent();
	    AggregateDeclaration *ad = vparent ? vparent->isAggregateDeclaration() : NULL;
	    e1 = getRightThis(loc, sc, ad, e1, var);
	    if (!sc->noaccesscheck)
		accessCheck(loc, sc, e1, var);

	    VarDeclaration *v = var->isVarDeclaration();
	    Expression *e = expandVar(WANTvalue, v);
	    if (e)
		return e;
	}
    }
    //printf("-DotVarExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
    return this;
}

#if DMDV2
int DotVarExp::isLvalue()
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

Expression *DotVarExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    //printf("DotVarExp::toLvalue(%s)\n", toChars());
    return this;
}

Expression *DotVarExp::modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
#if 0
    printf("DotVarExp::modifiableLvalue(%s)\n", toChars());
    printf("e1->type = %s\n", e1->type->toChars());
    printf("var->type = %s\n", var->type->toChars());
#endif

    if (var->isCtorinit())
    {	// It's only modifiable if inside the right constructor
	Dsymbol *s = sc->func;
	while (1)
	{
	    FuncDeclaration *fd = NULL;
	    if (s)
		fd = s->isFuncDeclaration();
	    if (fd &&
		((fd->isCtorDeclaration() && var->storage_class & STCfield) ||
		 (fd->isStaticCtorDeclaration() && !(var->storage_class & STCfield))) &&
		fd->toParent() == var->toParent() &&
		e1->op == TOKthis
	       )
	    {
		VarDeclaration *v = var->isVarDeclaration();
		assert(v);
		v->ctorinit = 1;
		//printf("setting ctorinit\n");
	    }
	    else
	    {
		if (s)
		{   s = s->toParent2();
		    continue;
		}
		else
		{
		    const char *p = var->isStatic() ? "static " : "";
		    error("can only initialize %sconst member %s inside %sconstructor",
			p, var->toChars(), p);
		}
	    }
	    break;
	}
    }
#if DMDV2
    else
    {
	Type *t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();

	if (!t1->isMutable() ||
	    (t1->ty == Tpointer && !t1->nextOf()->isMutable()) ||
	    !var->type->isMutable() ||
	    !var->type->isAssignable() ||
	    var->storage_class & STCmanifest
	   )
	    error("cannot modify const/immutable expression %s", toChars());
    }
#endif
    return this;
}

void DotVarExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_primary);
    buf->writeByte('.');
    buf->writestring(var->toChars());
}

/************************************************************/

/* Things like:
 *	foo.bar!(args)
 */

DotTemplateInstanceExp::DotTemplateInstanceExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, TemplateInstance *ti)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKdotti, sizeof(DotTemplateInstanceExp), e)
{
    //printf("DotTemplateInstanceExp()\n");
    this->ti = ti;
}

Expression *DotTemplateInstanceExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    DotTemplateInstanceExp *de = new DotTemplateInstanceExp(loc,
	e1->syntaxCopy(),
	(TemplateInstance *)ti->syntaxCopy(NULL));
    return de;
}

Expression *DotTemplateInstanceExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Dsymbol *s;
    Dsymbol *s2;
    TemplateDeclaration *td;
    Expression *e;
    Identifier *id;
    Type *t1;
    Expression *eleft = NULL;
    Expression *eright;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("DotTemplateInstanceExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    //e1->print();
    //print();
    e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
    t1 = e1->type;
    if (t1)
	t1 = t1->toBasetype();
    //t1->print();

    /* Extract the following from e1:
     *	s: the symbol which ti should be a member of
     *	eleft: if not NULL, it is the 'this' pointer for ti
     */

    if (e1->op == TOKdotexp)
    {	DotExp *de = (DotExp *)e1;
	eleft = de->e1;
	eright = de->e2;
    }
    else
    {	eleft = NULL;
	eright = e1;
    }
    if (eright->op == TOKimport)
    {
	s = ((ScopeExp *)eright)->sds;
    }
    else if (e1->op == TOKtype)
    {
	s = t1->isClassHandle();
	if (!s)
	{   if (t1->ty == Tstruct)
		s = ((TypeStruct *)t1)->sym;
	    else
		goto L1;
	}
    }
    else if (t1 && (t1->ty == Tstruct || t1->ty == Tclass))
    {
	s = t1->toDsymbol(sc);
	eleft = e1;
    }
    else if (t1 && t1->ty == Tpointer)
    {
	t1 = ((TypePointer *)t1)->next->toBasetype();
	if (t1->ty != Tstruct)
	    goto L1;
	s = t1->toDsymbol(sc);
	eleft = e1;
    }
    else
    {
      L1:
	error("template %s is not a member of %s", ti->toChars(), e1->toChars());
	goto Lerr;
    }

    assert(s);
    id = ti->name;
    s2 = s->search(loc, id, 0);
    if (!s2)
    {
	if (!s->ident)
	    error("template identifier %s is not a member of undefined %s", id->toChars(), s->kind());
	else
	    error("template identifier %s is not a member of %s %s", id->toChars(), s->kind(), s->ident->toChars());
	goto Lerr;
    }
    s = s2;
    s->semantic(sc);
    s = s->toAlias();
    td = s->isTemplateDeclaration();
    if (!td)
    {
	error("%s is not a template", id->toChars());
	goto Lerr;
    }
    if (global.errors)
	goto Lerr;

    ti->tempdecl = td;

    if (eleft)
    {	Declaration *v;

	ti->semantic(sc);
	s = ti->inst->toAlias();
	v = s->isDeclaration();
	if (v)
	{   e = new DotVarExp(loc, eleft, v);
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    return e;
	}
    }

    e = new ScopeExp(loc, ti);
    if (eleft)
    {
	e = new DotExp(loc, eleft, e);
    }
    e = e->semantic(sc);
    return e;

Lerr:
    return new ErrorExp();
}

void DotTemplateInstanceExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_primary);
    buf->writeByte('.');
    ti->toCBuffer(buf, hgs);
}

/************************************************************/

DelegateExp::DelegateExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, FuncDeclaration *f, int hasOverloads)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKdelegate, sizeof(DelegateExp), e)
{
    this->func = f;
    this->hasOverloads = hasOverloads;
}

Expression *DelegateExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("DelegateExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (!type)
    {
	m = sc->module;
	e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
    // LDC we need a copy as we store the LLVM tpye in TypeFunction, and delegate/members have different types for 'this'
	type = new TypeDelegate(func->type->syntaxCopy());
	type = type->semantic(loc, sc);
	AggregateDeclaration *ad = func->toParent()->isAggregateDeclaration();
	if (func->needThis())
	    e1 = getRightThis(loc, sc, ad, e1, func);
    }
    return this;
}

void DelegateExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writeByte('&');
    if (!func->isNested())
    {
	expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_primary);
	buf->writeByte('.');
    }
    buf->writestring(func->toChars());
}

/************************************************************/

DotTypeExp::DotTypeExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Dsymbol *s)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKdottype, sizeof(DotTypeExp), e)
{
    this->sym = s;
    this->type = s->getType();
}

Expression *DotTypeExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("DotTypeExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    UnaExp::semantic(sc);
    return this;
}

void DotTypeExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_primary);
    buf->writeByte('.');
    buf->writestring(sym->toChars());
}

/************************************************************/

CallExp::CallExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Expressions *exps)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKcall, sizeof(CallExp), e)
{
    this->arguments = exps;
}

CallExp::CallExp(Loc loc, Expression *e)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKcall, sizeof(CallExp), e)
{
    this->arguments = NULL;
}

CallExp::CallExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Expression *earg1)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKcall, sizeof(CallExp), e)
{
    Expressions *arguments = new Expressions();
    arguments->setDim(1);
    arguments->data[0] = (void *)earg1;

    this->arguments = arguments;
}

CallExp::CallExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Expression *earg1, Expression *earg2)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKcall, sizeof(CallExp), e)
{
    Expressions *arguments = new Expressions();
    arguments->setDim(2);
    arguments->data[0] = (void *)earg1;
    arguments->data[1] = (void *)earg2;

    this->arguments = arguments;
}

Expression *CallExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new CallExp(loc, e1->syntaxCopy(), arraySyntaxCopy(arguments));
}


Expression *CallExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    TypeFunction *tf;
    FuncDeclaration *f;
    int i;
    Type *t1;
    int istemp;
    Objects *targsi = NULL;	// initial list of template arguments
    TemplateInstance *tierror = NULL;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("CallExp::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
	return this;		// semantic() already run
#if 0
    if (arguments && arguments->dim)
    {
	Expression *earg = (Expression *)arguments->data[0];
	earg->print();
	if (earg->type) earg->type->print();
    }
#endif

    if (e1->op == TOKdelegate)
    {	DelegateExp *de = (DelegateExp *)e1;

	e1 = new DotVarExp(de->loc, de->e1, de->func);
	return semantic(sc);
    }

    /* Transform:
     *	array.id(args) into .id(array,args)
     *	aa.remove(arg) into delete aa[arg]
     */
    if (e1->op == TOKdot)
    {
	// BUG: we should handle array.a.b.c.e(args) too

	DotIdExp *dotid = (DotIdExp *)(e1);
	dotid->e1 = dotid->e1->semantic(sc);
	assert(dotid->e1);
	if (dotid->e1->type)
	{
	    TY e1ty = dotid->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty;
	    if (e1ty == Taarray && dotid->ident == Id::remove)
	    {
		if (!arguments || arguments->dim != 1)
		{   error("expected key as argument to aa.remove()");
		    goto Lagain;
		}
		Expression *key = (Expression *)arguments->data[0];
		key = key->semantic(sc);
		key = resolveProperties(sc, key);
		key->rvalue();

		TypeAArray *taa = (TypeAArray *)dotid->e1->type->toBasetype();
		key = key->implicitCastTo(sc, taa->index);

		return new RemoveExp(loc, dotid->e1, key);
	    }
	    else if (e1ty == Tarray || e1ty == Tsarray || e1ty == Taarray)
	    {
		if (!arguments)
		    arguments = new Expressions();
		arguments->shift(dotid->e1);
#if DMDV2
		e1 = new DotIdExp(dotid->loc, new IdentifierExp(dotid->loc, Id::empty), dotid->ident);
#else
		e1 = new IdentifierExp(dotid->loc, dotid->ident);
#endif
	    }
	}
    }

#if DMDV2
    /* This recognizes:
     *	foo!(tiargs)(funcargs)
     */
    if (e1->op == TOKimport && !e1->type)
    {	ScopeExp *se = (ScopeExp *)e1;
	TemplateInstance *ti = se->sds->isTemplateInstance();
	if (ti && !ti->semanticdone)
	{
	    /* Attempt to instantiate ti. If that works, go with it.
	     * If not, go with partial explicit specialization.
	     */
	    ti->semanticTiargs(sc);
	    unsigned errors = global.errors;
	    global.gag++;
	    ti->semantic(sc);
	    global.gag--;
	    if (errors != global.errors)
	    {
		/* Didn't work, go with partial explicit specialization
		 */
		global.errors = errors;
		targsi = ti->tiargs;
		tierror = ti;			// for error reporting
		e1 = new IdentifierExp(loc, ti->name);
	    }
	}
    }

    /* This recognizes:
     *	expr.foo!(tiargs)(funcargs)
     */
    if (e1->op == TOKdotti && !e1->type)
    {	DotTemplateInstanceExp *se = (DotTemplateInstanceExp *)e1;
	TemplateInstance *ti = se->ti;
	if (!ti->semanticdone)
	{
	    /* Attempt to instantiate ti. If that works, go with it.
	     * If not, go with partial explicit specialization.
	     */
	    ti->semanticTiargs(sc);
	    Expression *etmp = e1->trySemantic(sc);
	    if (etmp)
		e1 = etmp;	// it worked
	    else		// didn't work
	    {
		targsi = ti->tiargs;
		tierror = ti;		// for error reporting
		e1 = new DotIdExp(loc, se->e1, ti->name);
	    }
	}
    }
#endif

    istemp = 0;
Lagain:
    //printf("Lagain: %s\n", toChars());
    f = NULL;
    if (e1->op == TOKthis || e1->op == TOKsuper)
    {
	// semantic() run later for these
    }
    else
    {
	UnaExp::semantic(sc);

	/* Look for e1 being a lazy parameter
	 */
	if (e1->op == TOKvar)
	{   VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)e1;

	    if (ve->var->storage_class & STClazy)
	    {
		TypeFunction *tf = new TypeFunction(NULL, ve->var->type, 0, LINKd);
		TypeDelegate *t = new TypeDelegate(tf);
		ve->type = t->semantic(loc, sc);
	    }
	}

	if (e1->op == TOKimport)
	{   // Perhaps this should be moved to ScopeExp::semantic()
	    ScopeExp *se = (ScopeExp *)e1;
	    e1 = new DsymbolExp(loc, se->sds);
	    e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
	}
#if 1	// patch for #540 by Oskar Linde
	else if (e1->op == TOKdotexp)
	{
	    DotExp *de = (DotExp *) e1;

	    if (de->e2->op == TOKimport)
	    {   // This should *really* be moved to ScopeExp::semantic()
		ScopeExp *se = (ScopeExp *)de->e2;
		de->e2 = new DsymbolExp(loc, se->sds);
		de->e2 = de->e2->semantic(sc);
	    }

	    if (de->e2->op == TOKtemplate)
	    {   TemplateExp *te = (TemplateExp *) de->e2;
		e1 = new DotTemplateExp(loc,de->e1,te->td);
	    }
	}
#endif
    }

    if (e1->op == TOKcomma)
    {
	CommaExp *ce = (CommaExp *)e1;

	e1 = ce->e2;
	e1->type = ce->type;
	ce->e2 = this;
	ce->type = NULL;
	return ce->semantic(sc);
    }

    t1 = NULL;
    if (e1->type)
	t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();

    // Check for call operator overload
    if (t1)
    {	AggregateDeclaration *ad;

	if (t1->ty == Tstruct)
	{
	    ad = ((TypeStruct *)t1)->sym;

	    // First look for constructor
	    if (ad->ctor && arguments && arguments->dim)
	    {
		// Create variable that will get constructed
		Identifier *idtmp = Lexer::uniqueId("__ctmp");
		VarDeclaration *tmp = new VarDeclaration(loc, t1, idtmp, NULL);
		Expression *av = new DeclarationExp(loc, tmp);
		av = new CommaExp(loc, av, new VarExp(loc, tmp));

		Expression *e;
		CtorDeclaration *cf = ad->ctor->isCtorDeclaration();
		if (cf)
		    e = new DotVarExp(loc, av, cf, 1);
		else
		{   TemplateDeclaration *td = ad->ctor->isTemplateDeclaration();
		    assert(td);
		    e = new DotTemplateExp(loc, av, td);
		}
		e = new CallExp(loc, e, arguments);
#if !STRUCTTHISREF
		/* Constructors return a pointer to the instance
		 */
		e = new PtrExp(loc, e);
#endif
		e = e->semantic(sc);
		return e;
	    }

	    // No constructor, look for overload of opCall
	    if (search_function(ad, Id::call))
		goto L1;	// overload of opCall, therefore it's a call

	    if (e1->op != TOKtype)
		error("%s %s does not overload ()", ad->kind(), ad->toChars());
	    /* It's a struct literal
	     */
	    Expression *e = new StructLiteralExp(loc, (StructDeclaration *)ad, arguments);
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    e->type = e1->type;		// in case e1->type was a typedef
	    return e;
	}
	else if (t1->ty == Tclass)
	{
	    ad = ((TypeClass *)t1)->sym;
	    goto L1;
	L1:
	    // Rewrite as e1.call(arguments)
	    Expression *e = new DotIdExp(loc, e1, Id::call);
	    e = new CallExp(loc, e, arguments);
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    return e;
	}
    }

    arrayExpressionSemantic(arguments, sc);
    preFunctionArguments(loc, sc, arguments);

    if (e1->op == TOKdotvar && t1->ty == Tfunction ||
        e1->op == TOKdottd)
    {
	DotVarExp *dve;
	DotTemplateExp *dte;
	AggregateDeclaration *ad;
	UnaExp *ue = (UnaExp *)(e1);

    	if (e1->op == TOKdotvar)
        {   // Do overload resolution
	    dve = (DotVarExp *)(e1);

	    f = dve->var->isFuncDeclaration();
	    assert(f);
	    f = f->overloadResolve(loc, ue->e1, arguments);

	    ad = f->toParent()->isAggregateDeclaration();
	}
        else
        {   dte = (DotTemplateExp *)(e1);
	    TemplateDeclaration *td = dte->td;
	    assert(td);
	    if (!arguments)
		// Should fix deduceFunctionTemplate() so it works on NULL argument
		arguments = new Expressions();
	    f = td->deduceFunctionTemplate(sc, loc, targsi, ue->e1, arguments);
	    if (!f)
	    {	type = Type::terror;
		return this;
	    }
	    ad = td->toParent()->isAggregateDeclaration();
	}	
	if (f->needThis())
	{
	    ue->e1 = getRightThis(loc, sc, ad, ue->e1, f);
	}

	/* Cannot call public functions from inside invariant
	 * (because then the invariant would have infinite recursion)
	 */
	if (sc->func && sc->func->isInvariantDeclaration() &&
	    ue->e1->op == TOKthis &&
	    f->addPostInvariant()
	   )
	{
	    error("cannot call public/export function %s from immutable", f->toChars());
	}

	checkDeprecated(sc, f);
#if DMDV2
	checkPurity(sc, f);
#endif
	accessCheck(loc, sc, ue->e1, f);
	if (!f->needThis())
	{
	    VarExp *ve = new VarExp(loc, f);
	    e1 = new CommaExp(loc, ue->e1, ve);
	    e1->type = f->type;
	}
	else
	{
	    if (e1->op == TOKdotvar)		
		dve->var = f;
	    else
		e1 = new DotVarExp(loc, dte->e1, f);
	    e1->type = f->type;
#if 0
	    printf("ue->e1 = %s\n", ue->e1->toChars());
	    printf("f = %s\n", f->toChars());
	    printf("t = %s\n", t->toChars());
	    printf("e1 = %s\n", e1->toChars());
	    printf("e1->type = %s\n", e1->type->toChars());
#endif
	    // Const member function can take const/immutable/mutable this
	    if (!(f->type->isConst()))
	    {
		// Check for const/immutable compatibility
		Type *tthis = ue->e1->type->toBasetype();
		if (tthis->ty == Tpointer)
		    tthis = tthis->nextOf()->toBasetype();
		if (f->type->isInvariant())
		{
		    if (tthis->mod != MODinvariant)
			error("%s can only be called on an invariant object", e1->toChars());
		}
		else
		{
		    if (tthis->mod != 0)
		    {	//printf("mod = %x\n", tthis->mod);
			error("%s can only be called on a mutable object, not %s", e1->toChars(), tthis->toChars());
		    }
		}

		/* Cannot call mutable method on a final struct
		 */
		if (tthis->ty == Tstruct &&
		    ue->e1->op == TOKvar)
		{   VarExp *v = (VarExp *)ue->e1;
		    if (v->var->storage_class & STCfinal)
			error("cannot call mutable method on final struct");
		}
	    }

	    // See if we need to adjust the 'this' pointer
	    AggregateDeclaration *ad = f->isThis();
	    ClassDeclaration *cd = ue->e1->type->isClassHandle();
	    if (ad && cd && ad->isClassDeclaration() && ad != cd &&
		ue->e1->op != TOKsuper)
	    {
		ue->e1 = ue->e1->castTo(sc, ad->type); //new CastExp(loc, ue->e1, ad->type);
		ue->e1 = ue->e1->semantic(sc);
	    }
	}
	t1 = e1->type;
    }
    else if (e1->op == TOKsuper)
    {
	// Base class constructor call
	ClassDeclaration *cd = NULL;

	if (sc->func)
	    cd = sc->func->toParent()->isClassDeclaration();
	if (!cd || !cd->baseClass || !sc->func->isCtorDeclaration())
	{
	    error("super class constructor call must be in a constructor");
	    type = Type::terror;
	    return this;
	}
	else
	{
	    if (!cd->baseClass->ctor)
	    {	error("no super class constructor for %s", cd->baseClass->toChars());
		type = Type::terror;
		return this;
	    }
	    else
	    {
		if (!sc->intypeof)
		{
#if 0
		    if (sc->callSuper & (CSXthis | CSXsuper))
			error("reference to this before super()");
#endif
		    if (sc->noctor || sc->callSuper & CSXlabel)
			error("constructor calls not allowed in loops or after labels");
		    if (sc->callSuper & (CSXsuper_ctor | CSXthis_ctor))
			error("multiple constructor calls");
		    sc->callSuper |= CSXany_ctor | CSXsuper_ctor;
		}

		f = resolveFuncCall(sc, loc, cd->baseClass->ctor, NULL, NULL, arguments, 0);
		checkDeprecated(sc, f);
#if DMDV2
		checkPurity(sc, f);
#endif
		e1 = new DotVarExp(e1->loc, e1, f);
		e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
		t1 = e1->type;
	    }
	}
    }
    else if (e1->op == TOKthis)
    {
	// same class constructor call
	AggregateDeclaration *cd = NULL;

	if (sc->func)
	    cd = sc->func->toParent()->isAggregateDeclaration();
	if (!cd || !sc->func->isCtorDeclaration())
	{
	    error("constructor call must be in a constructor");
	    type = Type::terror;
	    return this;
	}
	else
	{
	    if (!sc->intypeof)
	    {
#if 0
		if (sc->callSuper & (CSXthis | CSXsuper))
		    error("reference to this before super()");
#endif
		if (sc->noctor || sc->callSuper & CSXlabel)
		    error("constructor calls not allowed in loops or after labels");
		if (sc->callSuper & (CSXsuper_ctor | CSXthis_ctor))
		    error("multiple constructor calls");
		sc->callSuper |= CSXany_ctor | CSXthis_ctor;
	    }

	    f = resolveFuncCall(sc, loc, cd->ctor, NULL, NULL, arguments, 0);
	    checkDeprecated(sc, f);
#if DMDV2
	    checkPurity(sc, f);
#endif
	    e1 = new DotVarExp(e1->loc, e1, f);
	    e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
	    t1 = e1->type;

	    // BUG: this should really be done by checking the static
	    // call graph
	    if (f == sc->func)
		error("cyclic constructor call");
	}
    }
    else if (e1->op == TOKoverloadset)
    {
	OverExp *eo = (OverExp *)e1;
	FuncDeclaration *f = NULL;
	for (int i = 0; i < eo->vars->a.dim; i++)
	{   Dsymbol *s = (Dsymbol *)eo->vars->a.data[i];
	    FuncDeclaration *f2 = s->isFuncDeclaration();
	    if (f2)
	    {
		f2 = f2->overloadResolve(loc, NULL, arguments, 1);
	    }
	    else
	    {	TemplateDeclaration *td = s->isTemplateDeclaration();
		assert(td);
		f2 = td->deduceFunctionTemplate(sc, loc, targsi, NULL, arguments, 1);
	    }
	    if (f2)
	    {	if (f)
		    /* Error if match in more than one overload set,
		     * even if one is a 'better' match than the other.
		     */
		    ScopeDsymbol::multiplyDefined(loc, f, f2);
		else
		    f = f2;
	    }
	}
	if (!f)
	{   /* No overload matches, just set f and rely on error
	     * message being generated later.
	     */
	    f = (FuncDeclaration *)eo->vars->a.data[0];
	}
	e1 = new VarExp(loc, f);
	goto Lagain;
    }
    else if (!t1)
    {
	error("function expected before (), not '%s'", e1->toChars());
	type = Type::terror;
	return this;
    }
    else if (t1->ty != Tfunction)
    {
	if (t1->ty == Tdelegate)
	{   TypeDelegate *td = (TypeDelegate *)t1;
	    assert(td->next->ty == Tfunction);
	    tf = (TypeFunction *)(td->next);
	    if (sc->func && sc->func->isPure() && !tf->ispure)
	    {
		error("pure function '%s' cannot call impure delegate '%s'", sc->func->toChars(), e1->toChars());
	    }
	    goto Lcheckargs;
	}
	else if (t1->ty == Tpointer && ((TypePointer *)t1)->next->ty == Tfunction)
	{   Expression *e;

	    e = new PtrExp(loc, e1);
	    t1 = ((TypePointer *)t1)->next;
	    if (sc->func && sc->func->isPure() && !((TypeFunction *)t1)->ispure)
	    {
		error("pure function '%s' cannot call impure function pointer '%s'", sc->func->toChars(), e1->toChars());
	    }
	    e->type = t1;
	    e1 = e;
	}
	else if (e1->op == TOKtemplate)
	{
	    TemplateExp *te = (TemplateExp *)e1;
	    f = te->td->deduceFunctionTemplate(sc, loc, targsi, NULL, arguments);
	    if (!f)
	    {	if (tierror)
		    tierror->error("errors instantiating template");	// give better error message
		type = Type::terror;
		return this;
	    }
	    if (f->needThis() && hasThis(sc))
	    {
		// Supply an implicit 'this', as in
		//	  this.ident

		e1 = new DotTemplateExp(loc, (new ThisExp(loc))->semantic(sc), te->td);
		goto Lagain;
	    }

	    e1 = new VarExp(loc, f);
	    goto Lagain;
	}
	else
	{   error("function expected before (), not %s of type %s", e1->toChars(), e1->type->toChars());
	    type = Type::terror;
	    return this;
	}
    }
    else if (e1->op == TOKvar)
    {
	// Do overload resolution
	VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)e1;

	f = ve->var->isFuncDeclaration();
	assert(f);

	if (ve->hasOverloads)
	    f = f->overloadResolve(loc, NULL, arguments);
	checkDeprecated(sc, f);
#if DMDV2
	checkPurity(sc, f);
#endif

	if (f->needThis() && hasThis(sc))
	{
	    // Supply an implicit 'this', as in
	    //	  this.ident

	    e1 = new DotVarExp(loc, new ThisExp(loc), f);
	    goto Lagain;
	}

	accessCheck(loc, sc, NULL, f);

	ve->var = f;
//	ve->hasOverloads = 0;
	ve->type = f->type;
	t1 = f->type;
    }
    assert(t1->ty == Tfunction);
    tf = (TypeFunction *)(t1);

Lcheckargs:
    assert(tf->ty == Tfunction);
    type = tf->next;

    if (!arguments)
	arguments = new Expressions();
    functionArguments(loc, sc, tf, arguments);

    if (!type)
    {
	error("forward reference to inferred return type of function call %s", toChars());
	type = Type::terror;
    }

    if (f && f->tintro)
    {
	Type *t = type;
	int offset = 0;
	TypeFunction *tf = (TypeFunction *)f->tintro;

	if (tf->next->isBaseOf(t, &offset) && offset)
	{
	    type = tf->next;
	    return castTo(sc, t);
	}
    }

    return this;
}

int CallExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
#if DMDV2
    if (flag != 2)
	return 1;

    if (e1->checkSideEffect(2))
	return 1;

    /* If any of the arguments have side effects, this expression does
     */
    for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments->dim; i++)
    {   Expression *e = (Expression *)arguments->data[i];

	if (e->checkSideEffect(2))
	    return 1;
    }

    /* If calling a function or delegate that is typed as pure,
     * then this expression has no side effects.
     */
    Type *t = e1->type->toBasetype();
    if (t->ty == Tfunction && ((TypeFunction *)t)->ispure)
	return 0;
    if (t->ty == Tdelegate && ((TypeFunction *)((TypeDelegate *)t)->next)->ispure)
	return 0;
#endif
    return 1;
}

#if DMDV2
int CallExp::canThrow()
{
    //printf("CallExp::canThrow() %s\n", toChars());
    if (e1->canThrow())
	return 1;

    /* If any of the arguments can throw, then this expression can throw
     */
    for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments->dim; i++)
    {   Expression *e = (Expression *)arguments->data[i];

	if (e && e->canThrow())
	    return 1;
    }

    if (global.errors && !e1->type)
	return 0;			// error recovery

    /* If calling a function or delegate that is typed as nothrow,
     * then this expression cannot throw.
     * Note that pure functions can throw.
     */
    Type *t = e1->type->toBasetype();
    if (t->ty == Tfunction && ((TypeFunction *)t)->isnothrow)
	return 0;
    if (t->ty == Tdelegate && ((TypeFunction *)((TypeDelegate *)t)->next)->isnothrow)
	return 0;

    return 1;
}
#endif

#if DMDV2
int CallExp::isLvalue()
{
//    if (type->toBasetype()->ty == Tstruct)
//	return 1;
    Type *tb = e1->type->toBasetype();
    if (tb->ty == Tfunction && ((TypeFunction *)tb)->isref)
	return 1;		// function returns a reference
    return 0;
}
#endif

Expression *CallExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    if (isLvalue())
	return this;
    return Expression::toLvalue(sc, e);
}

void CallExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{   int i;

    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, precedence[op]);
    buf->writeByte('(');
    argsToCBuffer(buf, arguments, hgs);
    buf->writeByte(')');
}


/************************************************************/

AddrExp::AddrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKaddress, sizeof(AddrExp), e)
{
    m = NULL;
}

Expression *AddrExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("AddrExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (!type)
    {
	m = sc->module;
	UnaExp::semantic(sc);
	e1 = e1->toLvalue(sc, NULL);
	if (!e1->type)
	{
	    error("cannot take address of %s", e1->toChars());
	    type = Type::tint32;
	    return this;
	}
	type = e1->type->pointerTo();

	// See if this should really be a delegate
	if (e1->op == TOKdotvar)
	{
	    DotVarExp *dve = (DotVarExp *)e1;
	    FuncDeclaration *f = dve->var->isFuncDeclaration();

	    if (f)
	    {
		if (!dve->hasOverloads)
		    f->tookAddressOf++;
		Expression *e = new DelegateExp(loc, dve->e1, f, dve->hasOverloads);
		e = e->semantic(sc);
		return e;
	    }
	}
	else if (e1->op == TOKvar)
	{
	    VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)e1;

	    VarDeclaration *v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
	    if (v && !v->canTakeAddressOf())
		error("cannot take address of %s", e1->toChars());

	    FuncDeclaration *f = ve->var->isFuncDeclaration();

	    if (f)
	    {
		if (!ve->hasOverloads ||
		    /* Because nested functions cannot be overloaded,
		     * mark here that we took its address because castTo()
		     * may not be called with an exact match.
		     */
		    f->toParent2()->isFuncDeclaration())
		    f->tookAddressOf++;
		if (f->isNested())
		{
		    Expression *e = new DelegateExp(loc, e1, f, ve->hasOverloads);
		    e = e->semantic(sc);
		    return e;
		}
		if (f->needThis() && hasThis(sc))
		{
		    /* Should probably supply 'this' after overload resolution,
		     * not before.
		     */
		    Expression *ethis = new ThisExp(loc);
		    Expression *e = new DelegateExp(loc, ethis, f, ve->hasOverloads);
		    e = e->semantic(sc);
		    return e;
		}
	    }
	}
	return optimize(WANTvalue);
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

PtrExp::PtrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKstar, sizeof(PtrExp), e)
{
    if (e->type)
	type = ((TypePointer *)e->type)->next;
}

PtrExp::PtrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Type *t)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKstar, sizeof(PtrExp), e)
{
    type = t;
}

Expression *PtrExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Type *tb;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("PtrExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (!type)
    {
	UnaExp::semantic(sc);
	e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
	if (!e1->type)
	    printf("PtrExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
	Expression *e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;
	tb = e1->type->toBasetype();
	switch (tb->ty)
	{
	    case Tpointer:
		type = ((TypePointer *)tb)->next;
		break;

	    case Tsarray:
	    case Tarray:
		type = ((TypeArray *)tb)->next;
		e1 = e1->castTo(sc, type->pointerTo());
		break;

	    default:
		error("can only * a pointer, not a '%s'", e1->type->toChars());
		type = Type::tint32;
		break;
	}
	rvalue();
    }
    return this;
}

#if DMDV2
int PtrExp::isLvalue()
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

Expression *PtrExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
#if 0
    tym = tybasic(e1->ET->Tty);
    if (!(tyscalar(tym) ||
	  tym == TYstruct ||
	  tym == TYarray && e->Eoper == TOKaddr))
	    synerr(EM_lvalue);	// lvalue expected
#endif
    return this;
}

#if DMDV2
Expression *PtrExp::modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    //printf("PtrExp::modifiableLvalue() %s, type %s\n", toChars(), type->toChars());

    if (e1->op == TOKsymoff)
    {	SymOffExp *se = (SymOffExp *)e1;
	se->var->checkModify(loc, sc, type);
	//return toLvalue(sc, e);
    }

    return Expression::modifiableLvalue(sc, e);
}
#endif

void PtrExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writeByte('*');
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, precedence[op]);
}

/************************************************************/

NegExp::NegExp(Loc loc, Expression *e)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKneg, sizeof(NegExp), e)
{
}

Expression *NegExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("NegExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (!type)
    {
	UnaExp::semantic(sc);
	e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;

	e1->checkNoBool();
	if (e1->op != TOKslice)
	    e1->checkArithmetic();
	type = e1->type;
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

UAddExp::UAddExp(Loc loc, Expression *e)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKuadd, sizeof(UAddExp), e)
{
}

Expression *UAddExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("UAddExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    assert(!type);
    UnaExp::semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;
    e1->checkNoBool();
    e1->checkArithmetic();
    return e1;
}

/************************************************************/

ComExp::ComExp(Loc loc, Expression *e)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKtilde, sizeof(ComExp), e)
{
}

Expression *ComExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (!type)
    {
	UnaExp::semantic(sc);
	e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;

	e1->checkNoBool();
	if (e1->op != TOKslice)
	    e1 = e1->checkIntegral();
	type = e1->type;
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

NotExp::NotExp(Loc loc, Expression *e)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKnot, sizeof(NotExp), e)
{
}

Expression *NotExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    UnaExp::semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    e1 = e1->checkToBoolean();
    type = Type::tboolean;
    return this;
}

int NotExp::isBit()
{
    return TRUE;
}



/************************************************************/

BoolExp::BoolExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Type *t)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKtobool, sizeof(BoolExp), e)
{
    type = t;
}

Expression *BoolExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    UnaExp::semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    e1 = e1->checkToBoolean();
    type = Type::tboolean;
    return this;
}

int BoolExp::isBit()
{
    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************/

DeleteExp::DeleteExp(Loc loc, Expression *e)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKdelete, sizeof(DeleteExp), e)
{
}

Expression *DeleteExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    Type *tb;

    UnaExp::semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    e1 = e1->toLvalue(sc, NULL);
    type = Type::tvoid;

    tb = e1->type->toBasetype();
    switch (tb->ty)
    {	case Tclass:
	{   TypeClass *tc = (TypeClass *)tb;
	    ClassDeclaration *cd = tc->sym;

	    if (cd->isCOMinterface())
	    {	/* Because COM classes are deleted by IUnknown.Release()
		 */
		error("cannot delete instance of COM interface %s", cd->toChars());
	    }
	    break;
	}
	case Tpointer:
	    tb = ((TypePointer *)tb)->next->toBasetype();
	    if (tb->ty == Tstruct)
	    {
		TypeStruct *ts = (TypeStruct *)tb;
		StructDeclaration *sd = ts->sym;
		FuncDeclaration *f = sd->aggDelete;
		FuncDeclaration *fd = sd->dtor;

		if (!f && !fd)
		    break;

		/* Construct:
		 *	ea = copy e1 to a tmp to do side effects only once
		 *	eb = call destructor
		 *	ec = call deallocator
		 */
		Expression *ea = NULL;
		Expression *eb = NULL;
		Expression *ec = NULL;
		VarDeclaration *v;

		if (fd && f)
		{   Identifier *id = Lexer::idPool("__tmp");
		    v = new VarDeclaration(loc, e1->type, id, new ExpInitializer(loc, e1));
		    v->semantic(sc);
		    v->parent = sc->parent;
		    ea = new DeclarationExp(loc, v);
		    ea->type = v->type;
		}

		if (fd)
		{   Expression *e = ea ? new VarExp(loc, v) : e1;
		    e = new DotVarExp(0, e, fd, 0);
		    eb = new CallExp(loc, e);
		    eb = eb->semantic(sc);
		}

		if (f)
		{
		    Type *tpv = Type::tvoid->pointerTo();
		    Expression *e = ea ? new VarExp(loc, v) : e1->castTo(sc, tpv);
		    e = new CallExp(loc, new VarExp(loc, f), e);
		    ec = e->semantic(sc);
		}
		ea = combine(ea, eb);
		ea = combine(ea, ec);
		assert(ea);
		return ea;
	    }
	    break;

	case Tarray:
	    /* BUG: look for deleting arrays of structs with dtors.
	     */
	    break;

	default:
	    if (e1->op == TOKindex)
	    {
		IndexExp *ae = (IndexExp *)(e1);
		Type *tb1 = ae->e1->type->toBasetype();
		if (tb1->ty == Taarray)
		    break;
	    }
	    error("cannot delete type %s", e1->type->toChars());
	    break;
    }

    if (e1->op == TOKindex)
    {
	IndexExp *ae = (IndexExp *)(e1);
	Type *tb1 = ae->e1->type->toBasetype();
	if (tb1->ty == Taarray)
	{   if (!global.params.useDeprecated)
		error("delete aa[key] deprecated, use aa.remove(key)");
	}
    }

    return this;
}

int DeleteExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    return 1;
}

Expression *DeleteExp::checkToBoolean()
{
    error("delete does not give a boolean result");
    return this;
}

void DeleteExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("delete ");
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, precedence[op]);
}

/************************************************************/

CastExp::CastExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, Type *t)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKcast, sizeof(CastExp), e)
{
    to = t;
    this->mod = ~0;
}

#if DMDV2
/* For cast(const) and cast(immutable)
 */
CastExp::CastExp(Loc loc, Expression *e, unsigned mod)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKcast, sizeof(CastExp), e)
{
    to = NULL;
    this->mod = mod;
}
#endif

Expression *CastExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return to ? new CastExp(loc, e1->syntaxCopy(), to->syntaxCopy())
	      : new CastExp(loc, e1->syntaxCopy(), mod);
}


Expression *CastExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;
    BinExp *b;
    UnaExp *u;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("CastExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif

//static int x; assert(++x < 10);

    if (type)
	return this;
    UnaExp::semantic(sc);
    if (e1->type)		// if not a tuple
    {
	e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);

	if (!to)
	{
	    /* Handle cast(const) and cast(immutable), etc.
	     */
	    to = e1->type->castMod(mod);
	}
	else
	    to = to->semantic(loc, sc);

	if (!to->equals(e1->type))
	{
	    e = op_overload(sc);
	    if (e)
	    {
		return e->implicitCastTo(sc, to);
	    }
	}

	Type *t1b = e1->type->toBasetype();
	Type *tob = to->toBasetype();
	if (tob->ty == Tstruct &&
	    !tob->equals(t1b) &&
	    ((TypeStruct *)tob)->sym->search(0, Id::call, 0)
	   )
	{
	    /* Look to replace:
	     *	cast(S)t
	     * with:
	     *	S(t)
	     */

	    // Rewrite as to.call(e1)
	    e = new TypeExp(loc, to);
	    e = new DotIdExp(loc, e, Id::call);
	    e = new CallExp(loc, e, e1);
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    return e;
	}
    }
    else if (!to)
    {	error("cannot cast tuple");
	to = Type::terror;
    }

    if (global.params.safe && !sc->module->safe && !sc->intypeof)
    {	// Disallow unsafe casts
	Type *tob = to->toBasetype();
	Type *t1b = e1->type->toBasetype();
	if (!t1b->isMutable() && tob->isMutable())
	{   // Cast not mutable to mutable
	  Lunsafe:
	    error("cast from %s to %s not allowed in safe mode", e1->type->toChars(), to->toChars());
	}
	else if (t1b->isShared() && !tob->isShared())
	    // Cast away shared
	    goto Lunsafe;
	else if (tob->ty == Tpointer)
	{   if (t1b->ty != Tpointer)
		goto Lunsafe;
	    Type *tobn = tob->nextOf()->toBasetype();
	    Type *t1bn = t1b->nextOf()->toBasetype();

	    if (!t1bn->isMutable() && tobn->isMutable())
		// Cast away pointer to not mutable
		goto Lunsafe;

	    if (t1bn->isShared() && !tobn->isShared())
		// Cast away pointer to shared
		goto Lunsafe;

	    if (tobn->isTypeBasic() && tobn->size() < t1bn->size())
		// Allow things like casting a long* to an int*
		;
	    else if (tobn->ty != Tvoid)
		// Cast to a pointer other than void*
		goto Lunsafe;
	}

	// BUG: Check for casting array types, such as void[] to int*[]
    }

    e = e1->castTo(sc, to);
    return e;
}

int CastExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    /* if not:
     *  cast(void)
     *  cast(classtype)func()
     */
    if (!to->equals(Type::tvoid) &&
	!(to->ty == Tclass && e1->op == TOKcall && e1->type->ty == Tclass))
	return Expression::checkSideEffect(flag);
    return 1;
}

void CastExp::checkEscape()
{   Type *tb = type->toBasetype();
    if (tb->ty == Tarray && e1->op == TOKvar &&
	e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tsarray)
    {	VarExp *ve = (VarExp *)e1;
	VarDeclaration *v = ve->var->isVarDeclaration();
	if (v)
	{
	    if (!v->isDataseg() && !v->isParameter())
		error("escaping reference to local %s", v->toChars());
	}
    }
}

void CastExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring("cast(");
#if DMDV1
    to->toCBuffer(buf, NULL, hgs);
#else
    if (to)
	to->toCBuffer(buf, NULL, hgs);
    else
    {
	switch (mod)
	{   case 0:
		break;
	    case MODconst:
		buf->writestring(Token::tochars[TOKconst]);
		break;
	    case MODinvariant:
		buf->writestring(Token::tochars[TOKimmutable]);
		break;
	    case MODshared:
		buf->writestring(Token::tochars[TOKshared]);
		break;
	    case MODshared | MODconst:
		buf->writestring(Token::tochars[TOKshared]);
		buf->writeByte(' ');
		buf->writestring(Token::tochars[TOKconst]);
		break;
	    default:
		assert(0);
	}
    }
#endif
    buf->writeByte(')');
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, precedence[op]);
}


/************************************************************/

SliceExp::SliceExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *lwr, Expression *upr)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKslice, sizeof(SliceExp), e1)
{
    this->upr = upr;
    this->lwr = lwr;
    lengthVar = NULL;
}

Expression *SliceExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    Expression *lwr = NULL;
    if (this->lwr)
	lwr = this->lwr->syntaxCopy();

    Expression *upr = NULL;
    if (this->upr)
	upr = this->upr->syntaxCopy();

    return new SliceExp(loc, e1->syntaxCopy(), lwr, upr);
}

Expression *SliceExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;
    AggregateDeclaration *ad;
    //FuncDeclaration *fd;
    ScopeDsymbol *sym;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("SliceExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
	return this;

    UnaExp::semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);

    e = this;

    Type *t = e1->type->toBasetype();
    if (t->ty == Tpointer)
    {
	if (!lwr || !upr)
	    error("need upper and lower bound to slice pointer");
    }
    else if (t->ty == Tarray)
    {
    }
    else if (t->ty == Tsarray)
    {
    }
    else if (t->ty == Tclass)
    {
        ad = ((TypeClass *)t)->sym;
        goto L1;
    }
    else if (t->ty == Tstruct)
    {
        ad = ((TypeStruct *)t)->sym;

    L1:
	if (search_function(ad, Id::slice))
        {
            // Rewrite as e1.slice(lwr, upr)
	    e = new DotIdExp(loc, e1, Id::slice);

	    if (lwr)
	    {
		assert(upr);
		e = new CallExp(loc, e, lwr, upr);
	    }
	    else
	    {	assert(!upr);
		e = new CallExp(loc, e);
	    }
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    return e;
        }
	goto Lerror;
    }
    else if (t->ty == Ttuple)
    {
	if (!lwr && !upr)
	    return e1;
	if (!lwr || !upr)
	{   error("need upper and lower bound to slice tuple");
	    goto Lerror;
	}
    }
    else
	goto Lerror;

    if (t->ty == Tsarray || t->ty == Tarray || t->ty == Ttuple)
    {
	sym = new ArrayScopeSymbol(sc, this);
	sym->loc = loc;
	sym->parent = sc->scopesym;
	sc = sc->push(sym);
    }

    if (lwr)
    {	lwr = lwr->semantic(sc);
	lwr = resolveProperties(sc, lwr);
	lwr = lwr->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
    }
    if (upr)
    {	upr = upr->semantic(sc);
	upr = resolveProperties(sc, upr);
	upr = upr->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
    }

    if (t->ty == Tsarray || t->ty == Tarray || t->ty == Ttuple)
	sc->pop();

    if (t->ty == Ttuple)
    {
	lwr = lwr->optimize(WANTvalue);
	upr = upr->optimize(WANTvalue);
	uinteger_t i1 = lwr->toUInteger();
	uinteger_t i2 = upr->toUInteger();

	size_t length;
	TupleExp *te;
	TypeTuple *tup;

	if (e1->op == TOKtuple)		// slicing an expression tuple
	{   te = (TupleExp *)e1;
	    length = te->exps->dim;
	}
	else if (e1->op == TOKtype)	// slicing a type tuple
	{   tup = (TypeTuple *)t;
	    length = Argument::dim(tup->arguments);
	}
	else
	    assert(0);

	if (i1 <= i2 && i2 <= length)
	{   size_t j1 = (size_t) i1;
	    size_t j2 = (size_t) i2;

	    if (e1->op == TOKtuple)
	    {	Expressions *exps = new Expressions;
		exps->setDim(j2 - j1);
		for (size_t i = 0; i < j2 - j1; i++)
		{   Expression *e = (Expression *)te->exps->data[j1 + i];
		    exps->data[i] = (void *)e;
		}
		e = new TupleExp(loc, exps);
	    }
	    else
	    {	Arguments *args = new Arguments;
		args->reserve(j2 - j1);
		for (size_t i = j1; i < j2; i++)
		{   Argument *arg = Argument::getNth(tup->arguments, i);
		    args->push(arg);
		}
		e = new TypeExp(e1->loc, new TypeTuple(args));
	    }
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	}
	else
	{
	    error("string slice [%ju .. %ju] is out of bounds", i1, i2);
	    e = new ErrorExp();
	}
	return e;
    }

    if (t->ty == Tarray)
    {
	type = e1->type;
    }
    else
	type = t->nextOf()->arrayOf();
    return e;

Lerror:
    char *s;
    if (t->ty == Tvoid)
	s = e1->toChars();
    else
	s = t->toChars();
    error("%s cannot be sliced with []", s);
    e = new ErrorExp();
    return e;
}

void SliceExp::checkEscape()
{
    e1->checkEscape();
}

#if DMDV2
int SliceExp::isLvalue()
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

Expression *SliceExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    return this;
}

Expression *SliceExp::modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    error("slice expression %s is not a modifiable lvalue", toChars());
    return this;
}

void SliceExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, precedence[op]);
    buf->writeByte('[');
    if (upr || lwr)
    {
	if (lwr)
	    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, lwr, PREC_assign);
	else
	    buf->writeByte('0');
	buf->writestring("..");
	if (upr)
	    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, upr, PREC_assign);
	else
	    buf->writestring("length");		// BUG: should be array.length
    }
    buf->writeByte(']');
}

/********************** ArrayLength **************************************/

ArrayLengthExp::ArrayLengthExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKarraylength, sizeof(ArrayLengthExp), e1)
{
}

Expression *ArrayLengthExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("ArrayLengthExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (!type)
    {
	UnaExp::semantic(sc);
	e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);

	type = Type::tsize_t;
    }
    return this;
}

void ArrayLengthExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_primary);
    buf->writestring(".length");
}

/*********************** ArrayExp *************************************/

// e1 [ i1, i2, i3, ... ]

ArrayExp::ArrayExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expressions *args)
	: UnaExp(loc, TOKarray, sizeof(ArrayExp), e1)
{
    arguments = args;
}

Expression *ArrayExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new ArrayExp(loc, e1->syntaxCopy(), arraySyntaxCopy(arguments));
}

Expression *ArrayExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;
    Type *t1;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("ArrayExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    UnaExp::semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);

    t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    if (t1->ty != Tclass && t1->ty != Tstruct)
    {	// Convert to IndexExp
	if (arguments->dim != 1)
	    error("only one index allowed to index %s", t1->toChars());
	e = new IndexExp(loc, e1, (Expression *)arguments->data[0]);
	return e->semantic(sc);
    }

    // Run semantic() on each argument
    for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments->dim; i++)
    {	e = (Expression *)arguments->data[i];

	e = e->semantic(sc);
	if (!e->type)
	    error("%s has no value", e->toChars());
	arguments->data[i] = (void *)e;
    }

    expandTuples(arguments);
    assert(arguments && arguments->dim);

    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (!e)
    {	error("no [] operator overload for type %s", e1->type->toChars());
	e = e1;
    }
    return e;
}

#if DMDV2
int ArrayExp::isLvalue()
{
    if (type && type->toBasetype()->ty == Tvoid)
	return 0;
    return 1;
}
#endif

Expression *ArrayExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    if (type && type->toBasetype()->ty == Tvoid)
	error("voids have no value");
    return this;
}


void ArrayExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{   int i;

    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_primary);
    buf->writeByte('[');
    argsToCBuffer(buf, arguments, hgs);
    buf->writeByte(']');
}

/************************* DotExp ***********************************/

DotExp::DotExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKdotexp, sizeof(DotExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *DotExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("DotExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
    if (type) printf("\ttype = %s\n", type->toChars());
#endif
    e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
    e2 = e2->semantic(sc);
    if (e2->op == TOKimport)
    {
	ScopeExp *se = (ScopeExp *)e2;
	TemplateDeclaration *td = se->sds->isTemplateDeclaration();
	if (td)
	{   Expression *e = new DotTemplateExp(loc, e1, td);
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    return e;
	}
    }
    if (!type)
	type = e2->type;
    return this;
}


/************************* CommaExp ***********************************/

CommaExp::CommaExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKcomma, sizeof(CommaExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *CommaExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    if (!type)
    {	BinExp::semanticp(sc);
	type = e2->type;
    }
    return this;
}

void CommaExp::checkEscape()
{
    e2->checkEscape();
}

#if DMDV2
int CommaExp::isLvalue()
{
    return e2->isLvalue();
}
#endif

Expression *CommaExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    e2 = e2->toLvalue(sc, NULL);
    return this;
}

Expression *CommaExp::modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    e2 = e2->modifiableLvalue(sc, e);
    return this;
}

int CommaExp::isBool(int result)
{
    return e2->isBool(result);
}

int CommaExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    if (flag == 2)
	return e1->checkSideEffect(2) || e2->checkSideEffect(2);
    else
    {
	// Don't check e1 until we cast(void) the a,b code generation
	return e2->checkSideEffect(flag);
    }
}

/************************** IndexExp **********************************/

// e1 [ e2 ]

IndexExp::IndexExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKindex, sizeof(IndexExp), e1, e2)
{
    //printf("IndexExp::IndexExp('%s')\n", toChars());
    lengthVar = NULL;
    modifiable = 0;	// assume it is an rvalue
}

Expression *IndexExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;
    BinExp *b;
    UnaExp *u;
    Type *t1;
    ScopeDsymbol *sym;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("IndexExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
	return this;
    if (!e1->type)
	e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
    assert(e1->type);		// semantic() should already be run on it
    e = this;

    // Note that unlike C we do not implement the int[ptr]

    t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();

    if (t1->ty == Tsarray || t1->ty == Tarray || t1->ty == Ttuple)
    {	// Create scope for 'length' variable
	sym = new ArrayScopeSymbol(sc, this);
	sym->loc = loc;
	sym->parent = sc->scopesym;
	sc = sc->push(sym);
    }

    e2 = e2->semantic(sc);
    if (!e2->type)
    {
	error("%s has no value", e2->toChars());
	e2->type = Type::terror;
    }
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

    if (t1->ty == Tsarray || t1->ty == Tarray || t1->ty == Ttuple)
	sc = sc->pop();

    switch (t1->ty)
    {
	case Tpointer:
	case Tarray:
	    e2 = e2->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
	    e->type = ((TypeNext *)t1)->next;
	    break;

	case Tsarray:
	{
	    e2 = e2->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);

	    TypeSArray *tsa = (TypeSArray *)t1;

#if 0 	// Don't do now, because it might be short-circuit evaluated
	    // Do compile time array bounds checking if possible
	    e2 = e2->optimize(WANTvalue);
	    if (e2->op == TOKint64)
	    {
		dinteger_t index = e2->toInteger();
		dinteger_t length = tsa->dim->toInteger();
		if (index < 0 || index >= length)
		    error("array index [%lld] is outside array bounds [0 .. %lld]",
			    index, length);
	    }
#endif
	    e->type = t1->nextOf();
	    break;
	}

	case Taarray:
	{   TypeAArray *taa = (TypeAArray *)t1;
	    if (!arrayTypeCompatible(e2->loc, e2->type, taa->index))
	    {
		e2 = e2->implicitCastTo(sc, taa->index);	// type checking
	    }
	    type = taa->next;
	    break;
	}

	case Ttuple:
	{
	    e2 = e2->implicitCastTo(sc, Type::tsize_t);
	    e2 = e2->optimize(WANTvalue | WANTinterpret);
	    uinteger_t index = e2->toUInteger();
	    size_t length;
	    TupleExp *te;
	    TypeTuple *tup;

	    if (e1->op == TOKtuple)
	    {	te = (TupleExp *)e1;
		length = te->exps->dim;
	    }
	    else if (e1->op == TOKtype)
	    {
		tup = (TypeTuple *)t1;
		length = Argument::dim(tup->arguments);
	    }
	    else
		assert(0);

	    if (index < length)
	    {

		if (e1->op == TOKtuple)
		    e = (Expression *)te->exps->data[(size_t)index];
		else
		    e = new TypeExp(e1->loc, Argument::getNth(tup->arguments, (size_t)index)->type);
	    }
	    else
	    {
		error("array index [%ju] is outside array bounds [0 .. %zu]",
			index, length);
		e = e1;
	    }
	    break;
	}

	default:
	    error("%s must be an array or pointer type, not %s",
		e1->toChars(), e1->type->toChars());
	    type = Type::tint32;
	    break;
    }
    return e;
}

#if DMDV2
int IndexExp::isLvalue()
{
    return 1;
}
#endif

Expression *IndexExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
//    if (type && type->toBasetype()->ty == Tvoid)
//	error("voids have no value");
    return this;
}

Expression *IndexExp::modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    //printf("IndexExp::modifiableLvalue(%s)\n", toChars());
    modifiable = 1;
    if (e1->op == TOKstring)
	error("string literals are immutable");
    if (type && !type->isMutable())
	error("%s isn't mutable", e->toChars());
    if (e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Taarray)
	e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
    return toLvalue(sc, e);
}

void IndexExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_primary);
    buf->writeByte('[');
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e2, PREC_assign);
    buf->writeByte(']');
}


/************************* PostExp ***********************************/

PostExp::PostExp(enum TOK op, Loc loc, Expression *e)
	: BinExp(loc, op, sizeof(PostExp), e,
	  new IntegerExp(loc, 1, Type::tint32))
{
}

Expression *PostExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e = this;

    if (!type)
    {
	BinExp::semantic(sc);
	e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;

	e = this;
	e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
	e1->checkScalar();
	e1->checkNoBool();
	if (e1->type->ty == Tpointer)
	    e = scaleFactor(sc);
	else
	    e2 = e2->castTo(sc, e1->type);
	e->type = e1->type;
    }
    return e;
}

void PostExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, precedence[op]);
    buf->writestring((op == TOKplusplus) ? (char *)"++" : (char *)"--");
}

/************************************************************/

/* op can be TOKassign, TOKconstruct, or TOKblit */

AssignExp::AssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKassign, sizeof(AssignExp), e1, e2)
{
    ismemset = 0;
}

Expression *AssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    Expression *e1old = e1;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("AssignExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    //printf("e1->op = %d, '%s'\n", e1->op, Token::toChars(e1->op));
    //printf("e2->op = %d, '%s'\n", e2->op, Token::toChars(e2->op));

    if (type)
	return this;

    if (e2->op == TOKcomma)
    {	/* Rewrite to get rid of the comma from rvalue
	 */
	AssignExp *ea = new AssignExp(loc, e1, ((CommaExp *)e2)->e2);
	ea->op = op;
	Expression *e = new CommaExp(loc, ((CommaExp *)e2)->e1, ea);
	return e->semantic(sc);
    }

    /* Look for operator overloading of a[i]=value.
     * Do it before semantic() otherwise the a[i] will have been
     * converted to a.opIndex() already.
     */
    if (e1->op == TOKarray)
    {
	ArrayExp *ae = (ArrayExp *)e1;
	AggregateDeclaration *ad;
	Identifier *id = Id::index;

	ae->e1 = ae->e1->semantic(sc);
	Type *t1 = ae->e1->type->toBasetype();
	if (t1->ty == Tstruct)
	{
	    ad = ((TypeStruct *)t1)->sym;
	    goto L1;
	}
	else if (t1->ty == Tclass)
	{
	    ad = ((TypeClass *)t1)->sym;
	  L1:
	    // Rewrite (a[i] = value) to (a.opIndexAssign(value, i))
	    if (search_function(ad, Id::indexass))
	    {	Expression *e = new DotIdExp(loc, ae->e1, Id::indexass);
		Expressions *a = (Expressions *)ae->arguments->copy();

		a->insert(0, e2);
		e = new CallExp(loc, e, a);
		e = e->semantic(sc);
		return e;
	    }
	    else
	    {
		// Rewrite (a[i] = value) to (a.opIndex(i, value))
		if (search_function(ad, id))
		{   Expression *e = new DotIdExp(loc, ae->e1, id);

		    if (1 || !global.params.useDeprecated)
			error("operator [] assignment overload with opIndex(i, value) illegal, use opIndexAssign(value, i)");

		    e = new CallExp(loc, e, (Expression *)ae->arguments->data[0], e2);
		    e = e->semantic(sc);
		    return e;
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    /* Look for operator overloading of a[i..j]=value.
     * Do it before semantic() otherwise the a[i..j] will have been
     * converted to a.opSlice() already.
     */
    if (e1->op == TOKslice)
    {	Type *t1;
	SliceExp *ae = (SliceExp *)e1;
	AggregateDeclaration *ad;
	Identifier *id = Id::index;

	ae->e1 = ae->e1->semantic(sc);
	ae->e1 = resolveProperties(sc, ae->e1);
	t1 = ae->e1->type->toBasetype();
	if (t1->ty == Tstruct)
	{
	    ad = ((TypeStruct *)t1)->sym;
	    goto L2;
	}
	else if (t1->ty == Tclass)
	{
	    ad = ((TypeClass *)t1)->sym;
	  L2:
	    // Rewrite (a[i..j] = value) to (a.opIndexAssign(value, i, j))
	    if (search_function(ad, Id::sliceass))
	    {	Expression *e = new DotIdExp(loc, ae->e1, Id::sliceass);
		Expressions *a = new Expressions();

		a->push(e2);
		if (ae->lwr)
		{   a->push(ae->lwr);
		    assert(ae->upr);
		    a->push(ae->upr);
		}
		else
		    assert(!ae->upr);
		e = new CallExp(loc, e, a);
		e = e->semantic(sc);
		return e;
	    }
	}
    }

    BinExp::semantic(sc);

    if (e1->op == TOKdottd)
    {	// Rewrite a.b=e2, when b is a template, as a.b(e2)
	Expression *e = new CallExp(loc, e1, e2);
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	return e;
    }

    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);
    assert(e1->type);

    /* Rewrite tuple assignment as a tuple of assignments.
     */
    if (e1->op == TOKtuple && e2->op == TOKtuple)
    {	TupleExp *tup1 = (TupleExp *)e1;
	TupleExp *tup2 = (TupleExp *)e2;
	size_t dim = tup1->exps->dim;
	if (dim != tup2->exps->dim)
	{
	    error("mismatched tuple lengths, %d and %d", (int)dim, (int)tup2->exps->dim);
	}
	else
	{   Expressions *exps = new Expressions;
	    exps->setDim(dim);

	    for (int i = 0; i < dim; i++)
	    {	Expression *ex1 = (Expression *)tup1->exps->data[i];
		Expression *ex2 = (Expression *)tup2->exps->data[i];
		exps->data[i] = (void *) new AssignExp(loc, ex1, ex2);
	    }
	    Expression *e = new TupleExp(loc, exps);
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	    return e;
	}
    }

    Type *t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();

    if (t1->ty == Tfunction)
    {	// Rewrite f=value to f(value)
	Expression *e = new CallExp(loc, e1, e2);
	e = e->semantic(sc);
	return e;
    }

    /* If it is an assignment from a 'foreign' type,
     * check for operator overloading.
     */
    if (t1->ty == Tstruct)
    {
	StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *)t1)->sym;
	if (op == TOKassign)
	{
	    Expression *e = op_overload(sc);
	    if (e)
		return e;
	}
	else if (op == TOKconstruct)
	{   Type *t2 = e2->type->toBasetype();
	    if (t2->ty == Tstruct &&
		sd == ((TypeStruct *)t2)->sym &&
		sd->cpctor)
	    {	/* We have a copy constructor for this
		 */
		if (e2->op == TOKvar || e2->op == TOKstar)
		{   /* Write as:
		     *	e1.cpctor(e2);
		     */
		    Expression *e = new DotVarExp(loc, e1, sd->cpctor, 0);
		    e = new CallExp(loc, e, e2);
		    return e->semantic(sc);
		}
		else if (e2->op == TOKquestion)
		{   /* Write as:
		     *	a ? e1 = b : e1 = c;
		     */
		    CondExp *ec = (CondExp *)e2;
		    AssignExp *ea1 = new AssignExp(ec->e1->loc, e1, ec->e1);
		    ea1->op = op;
		    AssignExp *ea2 = new AssignExp(ec->e1->loc, e1, ec->e2);
		    ea2->op = op;
		    Expression *e = new CondExp(loc, ec->econd, ea1, ea2);
		    return e->semantic(sc);
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    else if (t1->ty == Tclass)
    {	// Disallow assignment operator overloads for same type
	if (!e2->type->implicitConvTo(e1->type))
	{
	    Expression *e = op_overload(sc);
	    if (e)
		return e;
	}
    }

    if (t1->ty == Tsarray)
    {	// Convert e1 to e1[]
	Expression *e = new SliceExp(e1->loc, e1, NULL, NULL);
	e1 = e->semantic(sc);
	t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    }

    e2->rvalue();

    if (e1->op == TOKarraylength)
    {
	// e1 is not an lvalue, but we let code generator handle it
	ArrayLengthExp *ale = (ArrayLengthExp *)e1;

	ale->e1 = ale->e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
    }
    else if (e1->op == TOKslice)
    {
	Type *tn = e1->type->nextOf();
	if (tn && !tn->isMutable() && op != TOKconstruct)
	    error("slice %s is not mutable", e1->toChars());
    }
    else
    {	// Try to do a decent error message with the expression
	// before it got constant folded
	if (e1->op != TOKvar)
	    e1 = e1->optimize(WANTvalue);

	if (op != TOKconstruct)
	    e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1old);
    }

    Type *t2 = e2->type;
    if (e1->op == TOKslice &&
	t1->nextOf() &&
	e2->implicitConvTo(t1->nextOf())
       )
    {	// memset
	ismemset = 1;	// make it easy for back end to tell what this is
	e2 = e2->implicitCastTo(sc, t1->nextOf());
    }
    else if (t1->ty == Tsarray)
    {
	/* Should have already converted e1 => e1[]
	 */
	assert(0);
	//error("cannot assign to static array %s", e1->toChars());
    }
    else if (e1->op == TOKslice)
    {
	e2 = e2->implicitCastTo(sc, e1->type->constOf());
    }
    else
    {
	e2 = e2->implicitCastTo(sc, e1->type);
    }

    /* Look for array operations
     */
    if (e1->op == TOKslice && !ismemset &&
	(e2->op == TOKadd || e2->op == TOKmin ||
	 e2->op == TOKmul || e2->op == TOKdiv ||
	 e2->op == TOKmod || e2->op == TOKxor ||
	 e2->op == TOKand || e2->op == TOKor  ||
	 e2->op == TOKtilde || e2->op == TOKneg))
    {
	type = e1->type;
	return arrayOp(sc);
    }

    type = e1->type;
    assert(type);
    return this;
}

Expression *AssignExp::checkToBoolean()
{
    // Things like:
    //	if (a = b) ...
    // are usually mistakes.

    error("'=' does not give a boolean result");
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

AddAssignExp::AddAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKaddass, sizeof(AddAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *AddAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (type)
	return this;

    BinExp::semantic(sc);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    Type *tb1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    Type *tb2 = e2->type->toBasetype();

    if (e1->op == TOKslice)
    {
	typeCombine(sc);
	type = e1->type;
	return arrayOp(sc);
    }
    else
    {
	e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
    }

    if ((tb1->ty == Tarray || tb1->ty == Tsarray) &&
	(tb2->ty == Tarray || tb2->ty == Tsarray) &&
	tb1->nextOf()->equals(tb2->nextOf())
       )
    {
	type = e1->type;
	typeCombine(sc);
	e = this;
    }
    else
    {
	e1->checkScalar();
	e1->checkNoBool();
	if (tb1->ty == Tpointer && tb2->isintegral())
	    e = scaleFactor(sc);
	else if (tb1->ty == Tbit || tb1->ty == Tbool)
	{
#if 0
	    // Need to rethink this
	    if (e1->op != TOKvar)
	    {   // Rewrite e1+=e2 to (v=&e1),*v=*v+e2
		VarDeclaration *v;
		Expression *ea;
		Expression *ex;

		Identifier *id = Lexer::uniqueId("__name");

		v = new VarDeclaration(loc, tb1->pointerTo(), id, NULL);
		v->semantic(sc);
		if (!sc->insert(v))
		    assert(0);
		v->parent = sc->func;

		ea = new AddrExp(loc, e1);
		ea = new AssignExp(loc, new VarExp(loc, v), ea);

		ex = new VarExp(loc, v);
		ex = new PtrExp(loc, ex);
		e = new AddExp(loc, ex, e2);
		e = new CastExp(loc, e, e1->type);
		e = new AssignExp(loc, ex->syntaxCopy(), e);

		e = new CommaExp(loc, ea, e);
	    }
	    else
#endif
	    {   // Rewrite e1+=e2 to e1=e1+e2
		// BUG: doesn't account for side effects in e1
		// BUG: other assignment operators for bits aren't handled at all
		e = new AddExp(loc, e1, e2);
		e = new CastExp(loc, e, e1->type);
		e = new AssignExp(loc, e1->syntaxCopy(), e);
	    }
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	}
	else
	{
	    type = e1->type;
	    typeCombine(sc);
	    e1->checkArithmetic();
	    e2->checkArithmetic();
	    if (type->isreal() || type->isimaginary())
	    {
		assert(global.errors || e2->type->isfloating());
		e2 = e2->castTo(sc, e1->type);
	    }
	    e = this;

	    if (e2->type->iscomplex() && !type->iscomplex())
		error("Cannot assign %s to %s", e2->type->toChars(), type->toChars());
	}
    }
    return e;
}

/************************************************************/

MinAssignExp::MinAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKminass, sizeof(MinAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *MinAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (type)
	return this;

    BinExp::semantic(sc);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    if (e1->op == TOKslice)
    {	// T[] -= ...
	typeCombine(sc);
	type = e1->type;
	return arrayOp(sc);
    }

    e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
    e1->checkScalar();
    e1->checkNoBool();
    if (e1->type->ty == Tpointer && e2->type->isintegral())
	e = scaleFactor(sc);
    else
    {
	e1 = e1->checkArithmetic();
	e2 = e2->checkArithmetic();
	type = e1->type;
	typeCombine(sc);
	if (type->isreal() || type->isimaginary())
	{
	    assert(e2->type->isfloating());
	    e2 = e2->castTo(sc, e1->type);
	}
	e = this;

	if (e2->type->iscomplex() && !type->iscomplex())
	    error("Cannot assign %s to %s", e2->type->toChars(), type->toChars());
    }
    return e;
}

/************************************************************/

CatAssignExp::CatAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKcatass, sizeof(CatAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *CatAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    BinExp::semantic(sc);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    if (e1->op == TOKslice)
    {	SliceExp *se = (SliceExp *)e1;

	if (se->e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tsarray)
	    error("cannot append to static array %s", se->e1->type->toChars());
    }

    e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);

    Type *tb1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    Type *tb2 = e2->type->toBasetype();

    e2->rvalue();

    if ((tb1->ty == Tarray) &&
	(tb2->ty == Tarray || tb2->ty == Tsarray) &&
	(e2->implicitConvTo(e1->type) ||
	 tb2->nextOf()->implicitConvTo(tb1->nextOf()))
       )
    {	// Append array
	e2 = e2->castTo(sc, e1->type);
	type = e1->type;
	e = this;
    }
    else if ((tb1->ty == Tarray) &&
	e2->implicitConvTo(tb1->nextOf())
       )
    {	// Append element
	e2 = e2->castTo(sc, tb1->nextOf());
	type = e1->type;
	e = this;
    }
    else
    {
	error("cannot append type %s to type %s", tb2->toChars(), tb1->toChars());
	type = Type::tint32;
	e = this;
    }
    return e;
}

/************************************************************/

MulAssignExp::MulAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKmulass, sizeof(MulAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *MulAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    BinExp::semantic(sc);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    if (e1->op == TOKslice)
    {	// T[] -= ...
	typeCombine(sc);
	type = e1->type;
	return arrayOp(sc);
    }

    e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
    e1->checkScalar();
    e1->checkNoBool();
    type = e1->type;
    typeCombine(sc);
    e1->checkArithmetic();
    e2->checkArithmetic();
    if (e2->type->isfloating())
    {	Type *t1;
	Type *t2;

	t1 = e1->type;
	t2 = e2->type;
	if (t1->isreal())
	{
	    if (t2->isimaginary() || t2->iscomplex())
	    {
		e2 = e2->castTo(sc, t1);
	    }
	}
	else if (t1->isimaginary())
	{
	    if (t2->isimaginary() || t2->iscomplex())
	    {
		switch (t1->ty)
		{
		    case Timaginary32: t2 = Type::tfloat32; break;
		    case Timaginary64: t2 = Type::tfloat64; break;
		    case Timaginary80: t2 = Type::tfloat80; break;
		    default:
			assert(0);
		}
		e2 = e2->castTo(sc, t2);
	    }
	}

	if (e2->type->iscomplex() && !type->iscomplex())
	    error("Cannot assign %s to %s", e2->type->toChars(), type->toChars());
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

DivAssignExp::DivAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKdivass, sizeof(DivAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *DivAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    BinExp::semantic(sc);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    if (e1->op == TOKslice)
    {	// T[] -= ...
	typeCombine(sc);
	type = e1->type;
	return arrayOp(sc);
    }

    e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
    e1->checkScalar();
    e1->checkNoBool();
    type = e1->type;
    typeCombine(sc);
    e1->checkArithmetic();
    e2->checkArithmetic();
    if (e2->type->isimaginary())
    {	Type *t1;
	Type *t2;

	t1 = e1->type;
	if (t1->isreal())
	{   // x/iv = i(-x/v)
	    // Therefore, the result is 0
	    e2 = new CommaExp(loc, e2, new RealExp(loc, 0, t1));
	    e2->type = t1;
	    e = new AssignExp(loc, e1, e2);
	    e->type = t1;
	    return e;
	}
	else if (t1->isimaginary())
	{   Expression *e;

	    switch (t1->ty)
	    {
		case Timaginary32: t2 = Type::tfloat32; break;
		case Timaginary64: t2 = Type::tfloat64; break;
		case Timaginary80: t2 = Type::tfloat80; break;
		default:
		    assert(0);
	    }
	    e2 = e2->castTo(sc, t2);
	    e = new AssignExp(loc, e1, e2);
	    e->type = t1;
	    return e;
	}
    }

    if (e2->type->iscomplex() && !type->iscomplex())
	error("Cannot assign %s to %s", e2->type->toChars(), type->toChars());

    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

ModAssignExp::ModAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKmodass, sizeof(ModAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *ModAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    return commonSemanticAssign(sc);
}

/************************************************************/

ShlAssignExp::ShlAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKshlass, sizeof(ShlAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *ShlAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    //printf("ShlAssignExp::semantic()\n");
    BinExp::semantic(sc);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
    e1->checkScalar();
    e1->checkNoBool();
    type = e1->type;
    typeCombine(sc);
    e1->checkIntegral();
    e2 = e2->checkIntegral();
    //e2 = e2->castTo(sc, Type::tshiftcnt);
    e2 = e2->castTo(sc, e1->type); // LDC
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

ShrAssignExp::ShrAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKshrass, sizeof(ShrAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *ShrAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    BinExp::semantic(sc);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
    e1->checkScalar();
    e1->checkNoBool();
    type = e1->type;
    typeCombine(sc);
    e1->checkIntegral();
    e2 = e2->checkIntegral();
    //e2 = e2->castTo(sc, Type::tshiftcnt);
    e2 = e2->castTo(sc, e1->type); // LDC
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

UshrAssignExp::UshrAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKushrass, sizeof(UshrAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *UshrAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    BinExp::semantic(sc);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    e1 = e1->modifiableLvalue(sc, e1);
    e1->checkScalar();
    e1->checkNoBool();
    type = e1->type;
    typeCombine(sc);
    e1->checkIntegral();
    e2 = e2->checkIntegral();
    //e2 = e2->castTo(sc, Type::tshiftcnt);
    e2 = e2->castTo(sc, e1->type); // LDC
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

AndAssignExp::AndAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKandass, sizeof(AndAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *AndAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    return commonSemanticAssignIntegral(sc);
}

/************************************************************/

OrAssignExp::OrAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKorass, sizeof(OrAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *OrAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    return commonSemanticAssignIntegral(sc);
}

/************************************************************/

XorAssignExp::XorAssignExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKxorass, sizeof(XorAssignExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *XorAssignExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    return commonSemanticAssignIntegral(sc);
}

/************************* AddExp *****************************/

AddExp::AddExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKadd, sizeof(AddExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *AddExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("AddExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (!type)
    {
	BinExp::semanticp(sc);

	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;

	Type *tb1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
	Type *tb2 = e2->type->toBasetype();

        if ((tb1->ty == Tarray || tb1->ty == Tsarray) &&
            (tb2->ty == Tarray || tb2->ty == Tsarray) &&
            tb1->nextOf()->equals(tb2->nextOf())
           )
        {
            type = e1->type;
            e = this;
        }
	else if (tb1->ty == Tpointer && e2->type->isintegral() ||
	    tb2->ty == Tpointer && e1->type->isintegral())
	    e = scaleFactor(sc);
	else if (tb1->ty == Tpointer && tb2->ty == Tpointer)
	{
	    incompatibleTypes();
	    type = e1->type;
	    e = this;
	}
	else
	{
	    typeCombine(sc);
	    if ((e1->type->isreal() && e2->type->isimaginary()) ||
		(e1->type->isimaginary() && e2->type->isreal()))
	    {
		switch (type->toBasetype()->ty)
		{
		    case Tfloat32:
		    case Timaginary32:
			type = Type::tcomplex32;
			break;

		    case Tfloat64:
		    case Timaginary64:
			type = Type::tcomplex64;
			break;

		    case Tfloat80:
		    case Timaginary80:
			type = Type::tcomplex80;
			break;

		    default:
			assert(0);
		}
	    }
	    e = this;
	}
	return e;
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

MinExp::MinExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKmin, sizeof(MinExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *MinExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;
    Type *t1;
    Type *t2;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("MinExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
	return this;

    BinExp::semanticp(sc);

    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    e = this;
    t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    t2 = e2->type->toBasetype();
    if (t1->ty == Tpointer)
    {
	if (t2->ty == Tpointer)
	{   // Need to divide the result by the stride
	    // Replace (ptr - ptr) with (ptr - ptr) / stride
	    d_int64 stride;
	    Expression *e;

	    typeCombine(sc);		// make sure pointer types are compatible
	    type = Type::tptrdiff_t;
	    stride = t2->nextOf()->size();
	    if (stride == 0)
	    {
		e = new IntegerExp(loc, 0, Type::tptrdiff_t);
	    }
	    else
	    {
		e = new DivExp(loc, this, new IntegerExp(0, stride, Type::tptrdiff_t));
		e->type = Type::tptrdiff_t;
	    }
	    return e;
	}
	else if (t2->isintegral())
	    e = scaleFactor(sc);
	else
	{   error("incompatible types for minus");
	    return new ErrorExp();
	}
    }
    else if (t2->ty == Tpointer)
    {
	type = e2->type;
	error("can't subtract pointer from %s", e1->type->toChars());
	return new ErrorExp();
    }
    else
    {
	typeCombine(sc);
	t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
	t2 = e2->type->toBasetype();
	if ((t1->isreal() && t2->isimaginary()) ||
	    (t1->isimaginary() && t2->isreal()))
	{
	    switch (type->ty)
	    {
		case Tfloat32:
		case Timaginary32:
		    type = Type::tcomplex32;
		    break;

		case Tfloat64:
		case Timaginary64:
		    type = Type::tcomplex64;
		    break;

		case Tfloat80:
		case Timaginary80:
		    type = Type::tcomplex80;
		    break;

		default:
		    assert(0);
	    }
	}
    }
    return e;
}

/************************* CatExp *****************************/

CatExp::CatExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKcat, sizeof(CatExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *CatExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    //printf("CatExp::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
    if (!type)
    {
	BinExp::semanticp(sc);
	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;

	Type *tb1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
	Type *tb2 = e2->type->toBasetype();


	/* BUG: Should handle things like:
	 *	char c;
	 *	c ~ ' '
	 *	' ' ~ c;
	 */

#if 0
	e1->type->print();
	e2->type->print();
#endif
	if ((tb1->ty == Tsarray || tb1->ty == Tarray) &&
	    e2->type->implicitConvTo(tb1->nextOf()) >= MATCHconst)
	{
	    type = tb1->nextOf()->arrayOf();
	    if (tb2->ty == Tarray)
	    {	// Make e2 into [e2]
		e2 = new ArrayLiteralExp(e2->loc, e2);
		e2->type = type;
	    }
	    return this;
	}
	else if ((tb2->ty == Tsarray || tb2->ty == Tarray) &&
	    e1->type->implicitConvTo(tb2->nextOf()) >= MATCHconst)
	{
	    type = tb2->nextOf()->arrayOf();
	    if (tb1->ty == Tarray)
	    {	// Make e1 into [e1]
		e1 = new ArrayLiteralExp(e1->loc, e1);
		e1->type = type;
	    }
	    return this;
	}

	if ((tb1->ty == Tsarray || tb1->ty == Tarray) &&
	    (tb2->ty == Tsarray || tb2->ty == Tarray) &&
	    (tb1->nextOf()->mod || tb2->nextOf()->mod) &&
	    (tb1->nextOf()->mod != tb2->nextOf()->mod)
	   )
	{
	    Type *t1 = tb1->nextOf()->mutableOf()->constOf()->arrayOf();
	    Type *t2 = tb2->nextOf()->mutableOf()->constOf()->arrayOf();
	    if (e1->op == TOKstring && !((StringExp *)e1)->committed)
		e1->type = t1;
	    else
		e1 = e1->castTo(sc, t1);
	    if (e2->op == TOKstring && !((StringExp *)e2)->committed)
		e2->type = t2;
	    else
		e2 = e2->castTo(sc, t2);
	}

	typeCombine(sc);
	type = type->toHeadMutable();

	Type *tb = type->toBasetype();
	if (tb->ty == Tsarray)
	    type = tb->nextOf()->arrayOf();
	if (type->ty == Tarray && tb1->nextOf() && tb2->nextOf() &&
	    tb1->nextOf()->mod != tb2->nextOf()->mod)
	{
	    type = type->nextOf()->toHeadMutable()->arrayOf();
	}
#if 0
	e1->type->print();
	e2->type->print();
	type->print();
	print();
#endif
	Type *t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
	Type *t2 = e2->type->toBasetype();
	if (e1->op == TOKstring && e2->op == TOKstring)
	    e = optimize(WANTvalue);
	else if ((t1->ty == Tarray || t1->ty == Tsarray) &&
		 (t2->ty == Tarray || t2->ty == Tsarray))
	{
	    e = this;
	}
	else
	{
	    //printf("(%s) ~ (%s)\n", e1->toChars(), e2->toChars());
	    error("Can only concatenate arrays, not (%s ~ %s)",
		e1->type->toChars(), e2->type->toChars());
	    type = Type::tint32;
	    e = this;
	}
	e->type = e->type->semantic(loc, sc);
	return e;
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

MulExp::MulExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKmul, sizeof(MulExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *MulExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

#if 0
    printf("MulExp::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
    {
	return this;
    }

    BinExp::semanticp(sc);
    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    typeCombine(sc);
    if (e1->op != TOKslice && e2->op != TOKslice)
    {	e1->checkArithmetic();
	e2->checkArithmetic();
    }
    if (type->isfloating())
    {	Type *t1 = e1->type;
	Type *t2 = e2->type;

	if (t1->isreal())
	{
	    type = t2;
	}
	else if (t2->isreal())
	{
	    type = t1;
	}
	else if (t1->isimaginary())
	{
	    if (t2->isimaginary())
	    {	Expression *e;

		switch (t1->ty)
		{
		    case Timaginary32:	type = Type::tfloat32;	break;
		    case Timaginary64:	type = Type::tfloat64;	break;
		    case Timaginary80:	type = Type::tfloat80;	break;
		    default:		assert(0);
		}

		// iy * iv = -yv
		e1->type = type;
		e2->type = type;
		e = new NegExp(loc, this);
		e = e->semantic(sc);
		return e;
	    }
	    else
		type = t2;	// t2 is complex
	}
	else if (t2->isimaginary())
	{
	    type = t1;	// t1 is complex
	}
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

DivExp::DivExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKdiv, sizeof(DivExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *DivExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (type)
	return this;

    BinExp::semanticp(sc);
    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    typeCombine(sc);
    if (e1->op != TOKslice && e2->op != TOKslice)
    {	e1->checkArithmetic();
	e2->checkArithmetic();
    }
    if (type->isfloating())
    {	Type *t1 = e1->type;
	Type *t2 = e2->type;

	if (t1->isreal())
	{
	    type = t2;
	    if (t2->isimaginary())
	    {	Expression *e;

		// x/iv = i(-x/v)
		e2->type = t1;
		e = new NegExp(loc, this);
		e = e->semantic(sc);
		return e;
	    }
	}
	else if (t2->isreal())
	{
	    type = t1;
	}
	else if (t1->isimaginary())
	{
	    if (t2->isimaginary())
	    {
		switch (t1->ty)
		{
		    case Timaginary32:	type = Type::tfloat32;	break;
		    case Timaginary64:	type = Type::tfloat64;	break;
		    case Timaginary80:	type = Type::tfloat80;	break;
		    default:		assert(0);
		}
	    }
	    else
		type = t2;	// t2 is complex
	}
	else if (t2->isimaginary())
	{
	    type = t1;	// t1 is complex
	}
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

ModExp::ModExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKmod, sizeof(ModExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *ModExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (type)
	return this;

    BinExp::semanticp(sc);
    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    typeCombine(sc);
    if (e1->op != TOKslice && e2->op != TOKslice)
    {	e1->checkArithmetic();
	e2->checkArithmetic();
    }
    if (type->isfloating())
    {	type = e1->type;
	if (e2->type->iscomplex())
	{   error("cannot perform modulo complex arithmetic");
	    return new ErrorExp();
	}
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

ShlExp::ShlExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKshl, sizeof(ShlExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *ShlExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    //printf("ShlExp::semantic(), type = %p\n", type);
    if (!type)
    {	BinExp::semanticp(sc);
	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;
	e1 = e1->checkIntegral();
	e2 = e2->checkIntegral();
	e1 = e1->integralPromotions(sc);
	//e2 = e2->castTo(sc, Type::tshiftcnt);
    e2 = e2->castTo(sc, e1->type); // LDC
	type = e1->type;
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

ShrExp::ShrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKshr, sizeof(ShrExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *ShrExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (!type)
    {	BinExp::semanticp(sc);
	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;
	e1 = e1->checkIntegral();
	e2 = e2->checkIntegral();
	e1 = e1->integralPromotions(sc);
	e2 = e2->castTo(sc, Type::tshiftcnt);
	type = e1->type;
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

UshrExp::UshrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKushr, sizeof(UshrExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *UshrExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (!type)
    {	BinExp::semanticp(sc);
	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;
	e1 = e1->checkIntegral();
	e2 = e2->checkIntegral();
	e1 = e1->integralPromotions(sc);
	e2 = e2->castTo(sc, Type::tshiftcnt);
	type = e1->type;
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

AndExp::AndExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKand, sizeof(AndExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *AndExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (!type)
    {	BinExp::semanticp(sc);
	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;
	if (e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool &&
	    e2->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool)
	{
	    type = e1->type;
	    e = this;
	}
	else
	{
	    typeCombine(sc);
	    if (e1->op != TOKslice && e2->op != TOKslice)
	    {   e1->checkIntegral();
		e2->checkIntegral();
	    }
	}
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

OrExp::OrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKor, sizeof(OrExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *OrExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (!type)
    {	BinExp::semanticp(sc);
	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;
	if (e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool &&
	    e2->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool)
	{
	    type = e1->type;
	    e = this;
	}
	else
	{
	    typeCombine(sc);
	    if (e1->op != TOKslice && e2->op != TOKslice)
	    {   e1->checkIntegral();
		e2->checkIntegral();
	    }
	}
    }
    return this;
}

/************************************************************/

XorExp::XorExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKxor, sizeof(XorExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *XorExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (!type)
    {	BinExp::semanticp(sc);
	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	    return e;
	if (e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool &&
	    e2->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tbool)
	{
	    type = e1->type;
	    e = this;
	}
	else
	{
	    typeCombine(sc);
	    if (e1->op != TOKslice && e2->op != TOKslice)
	    {   e1->checkIntegral();
		e2->checkIntegral();
	    }
	}
    }
    return this;
}


/************************************************************/

OrOrExp::OrOrExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKoror, sizeof(OrOrExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *OrOrExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    unsigned cs1;

    // same as for AndAnd
    e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    e1 = e1->checkToPointer();
    e1 = e1->checkToBoolean();
    cs1 = sc->callSuper;

    if (sc->flags & SCOPEstaticif)
    {
	/* If in static if, don't evaluate e2 if we don't have to.
	 */
	e1 = e1->optimize(WANTflags);
	if (e1->isBool(TRUE))
	{
	    return new IntegerExp(loc, 1, Type::tboolean);
	}
    }

    e2 = e2->semantic(sc);
    sc->mergeCallSuper(loc, cs1);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);
    e2 = e2->checkToPointer();

    type = Type::tboolean;
    if (e2->type->ty == Tvoid)
	type = Type::tvoid;
    if (e2->op == TOKtype || e2->op == TOKimport)
	error("%s is not an expression", e2->toChars());
    return this;
}

Expression *OrOrExp::checkToBoolean()
{
    e2 = e2->checkToBoolean();
    return this;
}

int OrOrExp::isBit()
{
    return TRUE;
}

int OrOrExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    if (flag == 2)
    {
	return e1->checkSideEffect(2) || e2->checkSideEffect(2);
    }
    else
    {	e1->checkSideEffect(1);
	return e2->checkSideEffect(flag);
    }
}

/************************************************************/

AndAndExp::AndAndExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKandand, sizeof(AndAndExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *AndAndExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    unsigned cs1;

    // same as for OrOr
    e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    e1 = e1->checkToPointer();
    e1 = e1->checkToBoolean();
    cs1 = sc->callSuper;

    if (sc->flags & SCOPEstaticif)
    {
	/* If in static if, don't evaluate e2 if we don't have to.
	 */
	e1 = e1->optimize(WANTflags);
	if (e1->isBool(FALSE))
	{
	    return new IntegerExp(loc, 0, Type::tboolean);
	}
    }

    e2 = e2->semantic(sc);
    sc->mergeCallSuper(loc, cs1);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);
    e2 = e2->checkToPointer();

    type = Type::tboolean;
    if (e2->type->ty == Tvoid)
	type = Type::tvoid;
    if (e2->op == TOKtype || e2->op == TOKimport)
	error("%s is not an expression", e2->toChars());
    return this;
}

Expression *AndAndExp::checkToBoolean()
{
    e2 = e2->checkToBoolean();
    return this;
}

int AndAndExp::isBit()
{
    return TRUE;
}

int AndAndExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    if (flag == 2)
    {
	return e1->checkSideEffect(2) || e2->checkSideEffect(2);
    }
    else
    {
	e1->checkSideEffect(1);
	return e2->checkSideEffect(flag);
    }
}

/************************************************************/

InExp::InExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKin, sizeof(InExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *InExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;

    if (type)
	return this;

    BinExp::semanticp(sc);
    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
	return e;

    //type = Type::tboolean;
    Type *t2b = e2->type->toBasetype();
    if (t2b->ty != Taarray)
    {
	error("rvalue of in expression must be an associative array, not %s", e2->type->toChars());
	type = Type::terror;
    }
    else
    {
	TypeAArray *ta = (TypeAArray *)t2b;

	// Special handling for array keys
	if (!arrayTypeCompatible(e1->loc, e1->type, ta->index))
	{
	    // Convert key to type of key
	    e1 = e1->implicitCastTo(sc, ta->index);
	}

	// Return type is pointer to value
	type = ta->nextOf()->pointerTo();
    }
    return this;
}

int InExp::isBit()
{
    return FALSE;
}


/************************************************************/

/* This deletes the key e1 from the associative array e2
 */

RemoveExp::RemoveExp(Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKremove, sizeof(RemoveExp), e1, e2)
{
    type = Type::tvoid;
}

/************************************************************/

CmpExp::CmpExp(enum TOK op, Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, op, sizeof(CmpExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *CmpExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;
    Type *t1;
    Type *t2;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("CmpExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
	return this;

    BinExp::semanticp(sc);

    if (e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tclass && e2->op == TOKnull ||
	e2->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tclass && e1->op == TOKnull)
    {
	error("do not use null when comparing class types");
    }

    e = op_overload(sc);
    if (e)
    {
	if (!e->type->isscalar() && e->type->equals(e1->type))
	{
	    error("recursive opCmp expansion");
	    e = new ErrorExp();
	}
	else
	{   e = new CmpExp(op, loc, e, new IntegerExp(loc, 0, Type::tint32));
	    e = e->semantic(sc);
	}
	return e;
    }

    typeCombine(sc);
    type = Type::tboolean;

    // Special handling for array comparisons
    t1 = e1->type->toBasetype();
    t2 = e2->type->toBasetype();
    if ((t1->ty == Tarray || t1->ty == Tsarray || t1->ty == Tpointer) &&
	(t2->ty == Tarray || t2->ty == Tsarray || t2->ty == Tpointer))
    {
	if (t1->nextOf()->implicitConvTo(t2->nextOf()) < MATCHconst &&
	    t2->nextOf()->implicitConvTo(t1->nextOf()) < MATCHconst &&
	    (t1->nextOf()->ty != Tvoid && t2->nextOf()->ty != Tvoid))
	    error("array comparison type mismatch, %s vs %s", t1->nextOf()->toChars(), t2->nextOf()->toChars());
	e = this;
    }
    else if (t1->ty == Tstruct || t2->ty == Tstruct ||
	     (t1->ty == Tclass && t2->ty == Tclass))
    {
	if (t2->ty == Tstruct)
	    error("need member function opCmp() for %s %s to compare", t2->toDsymbol(sc)->kind(), t2->toChars());
	else
	    error("need member function opCmp() for %s %s to compare", t1->toDsymbol(sc)->kind(), t1->toChars());
	e = this;
    }
#if 1
    else if (t1->iscomplex() || t2->iscomplex())
    {
	error("compare not defined for complex operands");
	e = new ErrorExp();
    }
#endif
    else
	e = this;
    //printf("CmpExp: %s\n", e->toChars());
    return e;
}

int CmpExp::isBit()
{
    return TRUE;
}


/************************************************************/

EqualExp::EqualExp(enum TOK op, Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, op, sizeof(EqualExp), e1, e2)
{
    assert(op == TOKequal || op == TOKnotequal);
}

Expression *EqualExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Expression *e;
    Type *t1;
    Type *t2;

    //printf("EqualExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
    if (type)
	return this;

    BinExp::semanticp(sc);

    /* Before checking for operator overloading, check to see if we're
     * comparing the addresses of two statics. If so, we can just see
     * if they are the same symbol.
     */
    if (e1->op == TOKaddress && e2->op == TOKaddress)
    {	AddrExp *ae1 = (AddrExp *)e1;
	AddrExp *ae2 = (AddrExp *)e2;

	if (ae1->e1->op == TOKvar && ae2->e1->op == TOKvar)
	{   VarExp *ve1 = (VarExp *)ae1->e1;
	    VarExp *ve2 = (VarExp *)ae2->e1;

	    if (ve1->var == ve2->var /*|| ve1->var->toSymbol() == ve2->var->toSymbol()*/)
	    {
		// They are the same, result is 'true' for ==, 'false' for !=
		e = new IntegerExp(loc, (op == TOKequal), Type::tboolean);
		return e;
	    }
	}
    }

    if (e1->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tclass && e2->op == TOKnull ||
	e2->type->toBasetype()->ty == Tclass && e1->op == TOKnull)
    {
	error("use '%s' instead of '%s' when comparing with null",
		Token::toChars(op == TOKequal ? TOKidentity : TOKnotidentity),
		Token::toChars(op));
    }

    //if (e2->op != TOKnull)
    {
	e = op_overload(sc);
	if (e)
	{
	    if (op == TOKnotequal)
	    {
		e = new NotExp(e->loc, e);
		e = e->semantic(sc);
	    }
	    return e;
	}
    }

    e = typeCombine(sc);
    type = Type::tboolean;

    // Special handling for array comparisons
    if (!arrayTypeCompatible(loc, e1->type, e2->type))
    {
	if (e1->type != e2->type && e1->type->isfloating() && e2->type->isfloating())
	{
	    // Cast both to complex
	    e1 = e1->castTo(sc, Type::tcomplex80);
	    e2 = e2->castTo(sc, Type::tcomplex80);
	}
    }
    return e;
}

int EqualExp::isBit()
{
    return TRUE;
}



/************************************************************/

IdentityExp::IdentityExp(enum TOK op, Loc loc, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, op, sizeof(IdentityExp), e1, e2)
{
}

Expression *IdentityExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    if (type)
	return this;

    BinExp::semanticp(sc);
    type = Type::tboolean;
    typeCombine(sc);
    if (e1->type != e2->type && e1->type->isfloating() && e2->type->isfloating())
    {
	// Cast both to complex
	e1 = e1->castTo(sc, Type::tcomplex80);
	e2 = e2->castTo(sc, Type::tcomplex80);
    }
    return this;
}

int IdentityExp::isBit()
{
    return TRUE;
}


/****************************************************************/

CondExp::CondExp(Loc loc, Expression *econd, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
	: BinExp(loc, TOKquestion, sizeof(CondExp), e1, e2)
{
    this->econd = econd;
}

Expression *CondExp::syntaxCopy()
{
    return new CondExp(loc, econd->syntaxCopy(), e1->syntaxCopy(), e2->syntaxCopy());
}


Expression *CondExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{   Type *t1;
    Type *t2;
    unsigned cs0;
    unsigned cs1;

#if LOGSEMANTIC
    printf("CondExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
#endif
    if (type)
	return this;

    econd = econd->semantic(sc);
    econd = resolveProperties(sc, econd);
    econd = econd->checkToPointer();
    econd = econd->checkToBoolean();

#if 0	/* this cannot work right because the types of e1 and e2
 	 * both contribute to the type of the result.
	 */
    if (sc->flags & SCOPEstaticif)
    {
	/* If in static if, don't evaluate what we don't have to.
	 */
	econd = econd->optimize(WANTflags);
	if (econd->isBool(TRUE))
	{
	    e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
	    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
	    return e1;
	}
	else if (econd->isBool(FALSE))
	{
	    e2 = e2->semantic(sc);
	    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);
	    return e2;
	}
    }
#endif


    cs0 = sc->callSuper;
    e1 = e1->semantic(sc);
    e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    cs1 = sc->callSuper;
    sc->callSuper = cs0;
    e2 = e2->semantic(sc);
    e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);
    sc->mergeCallSuper(loc, cs1);


    // If either operand is void, the result is void
    t1 = e1->type;
    t2 = e2->type;
    if (t1->ty == Tvoid || t2->ty == Tvoid)
	type = Type::tvoid;
    else if (t1 == t2)
	type = t1;
    else
    {
	typeCombine(sc);
	switch (e1->type->toBasetype()->ty)
	{
	    case Tcomplex32:
	    case Tcomplex64:
	    case Tcomplex80:
		e2 = e2->castTo(sc, e1->type);
		break;
	}
	switch (e2->type->toBasetype()->ty)
	{
	    case Tcomplex32:
	    case Tcomplex64:
	    case Tcomplex80:
		e1 = e1->castTo(sc, e2->type);
		break;
	}
	if (type->toBasetype()->ty == Tarray)
	{
	    e1 = e1->castTo(sc, type);
	    e2 = e2->castTo(sc, type);
	}
    }
#if 0
    printf("res: %s\n", type->toChars());
    printf("e1 : %s\n", e1->type->toChars());
    printf("e2 : %s\n", e2->type->toChars());
#endif
    return this;
}

#if DMDV2
int CondExp::isLvalue()
{
    return e1->isLvalue() && e2->isLvalue();
}
#endif

Expression *CondExp::toLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *ex)
{
    PtrExp *e;

    // convert (econd ? e1 : e2) to *(econd ? &e1 : &e2)
    e = new PtrExp(loc, this, type);

    e1 = e1->addressOf(sc);
    //e1 = e1->toLvalue(sc, NULL);

    e2 = e2->addressOf(sc);
    //e2 = e2->toLvalue(sc, NULL);

    typeCombine(sc);

    type = e2->type;
    return e;
}

Expression *CondExp::modifiableLvalue(Scope *sc, Expression *e)
{
    error("conditional expression %s is not a modifiable lvalue", toChars());
    return this;
}

void CondExp::checkEscape()
{
    e1->checkEscape();
    e2->checkEscape();
}


Expression *CondExp::checkToBoolean()
{
    e1 = e1->checkToBoolean();
    e2 = e2->checkToBoolean();
    return this;
}

int CondExp::checkSideEffect(int flag)
{
    if (flag == 2)
    {
	return econd->checkSideEffect(2) ||
		e1->checkSideEffect(2) ||
		e2->checkSideEffect(2);
    }
    else
    {
	econd->checkSideEffect(1);
	e1->checkSideEffect(flag);
	return e2->checkSideEffect(flag);
    }
}

#if DMDV2
int CondExp::canThrow()
{
    return econd->canThrow() || e1->canThrow() || e2->canThrow();
}
#endif

void CondExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, econd, PREC_oror);
    buf->writestring(" ? ");
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_expr);
    buf->writestring(" : ");
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e2, PREC_cond);
}

/************************************************************/

#if IN_LLVM

// Strictly LDC specific stuff

GEPExp::GEPExp(Loc loc, Expression* e, Identifier* id, unsigned idx)
    : UnaExp(loc, TOKgep, sizeof(GEPExp), e)
{
    index = idx;
    ident = id;
}

void GEPExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    expToCBuffer(buf, hgs, e1, PREC_primary);
    buf->writeByte('.');
    buf->writestring(ident->toChars());
}

Expression* GEPExp::toLvalue(Scope* sc, Expression* e)
{
    // GEP's are always lvalues, at least in the "LLVM sense" ...
    return this;
}

#endif

/****************************************************************/

DefaultInitExp::DefaultInitExp(Loc loc, enum TOK subop, int size)
    : Expression(loc, TOKdefault, size)
{
    this->subop = subop;
}

void DefaultInitExp::toCBuffer(OutBuffer *buf, HdrGenState *hgs)
{
    buf->writestring(Token::toChars(subop));
}

/****************************************************************/

FileInitExp::FileInitExp(Loc loc)
    : DefaultInitExp(loc, TOKfile, sizeof(FileInitExp))
{
}

Expression *FileInitExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    //printf("FileInitExp::semantic()\n");
    type = Type::tchar->invariantOf()->arrayOf();
    return this;
}

Expression *FileInitExp::resolve(Loc loc, Scope *sc)
{
    //printf("FileInitExp::resolve() %s\n", toChars());
    const char *s = loc.filename ? loc.filename : sc->module->ident->toChars();
    Expression *e = new StringExp(loc, (char *)s);
    e = e->semantic(sc);
    e = e->castTo(sc, type);
    return e;
}

/****************************************************************/

LineInitExp::LineInitExp(Loc loc)
    : DefaultInitExp(loc, TOKline, sizeof(LineInitExp))
{
}

Expression *LineInitExp::semantic(Scope *sc)
{
    type = Type::tint32;
    return this;
}

Expression *LineInitExp::resolve(Loc loc, Scope *sc)
{
    Expression *e = new IntegerExp(loc, loc.linnum, Type::tint32);
    e = e->castTo(sc, type);
    return e;
}